Science Policy, Institutions, Ipr and Indian Scientists

1.Science and Technology Institutions of India

• Ministry of Science and Technology and Its Departments (DST, DBT, DSIR)Importance 5/5UPSC 5 Years
  Which departments make up the Ministry of Science and Technology, and what does each one do? Remember their founding years. Be clear how DST, DBT and DSIR differ, and which bodies work under each (CSIR, ANRF, TDB, BIRAC).
• Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Importance 4/5UPSC 2001, 2006
  Be clear what kind of body CSIR is, who presides over it, and under which department it works. Understand why it is called a network of national laboratories. Know its link with TKDL and the Aroma Mission.
• Department of Atomic Energy and Its Research Institutions (BARC, TIFR, HBNI)Importance 2/5
  To whom does the Department of Atomic Energy report directly, and what is the role of the Atomic Energy Commission? Know what kind of institutions BARC and TIFR are. What kind of institution is HBNI, and which department runs it?
• National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)Importance 1/5
  Where is NISER, which department runs it, and which university is it affiliated with? Remember the year it was founded and its main purpose.
• Other Scientific Departments and Research Councils (DOS, MoES, ICMR, ICAR, DRDO)Importance 3/5UPSC 2015
  Which of these bodies are a ministry or department in their own right? Under which department does each of the others work? Remember the field each one covers. Be clear how a research council (ICMR, ICAR) differs from a department.
• Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser and PM-STIACImportance 2/5
  Understand what the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser does and how it advises across ministries. What is PM-STIAC, in which year was it set up and who chairs it?

2.Science Policy and Research Funding

• Science and Technology Policies of India (1958 to the Draft STIP 2020)Importance 3/5
  Which national science and technology policies has India had, from 1958 to the 2020 draft? Remember each name and year. Understand how the focus moved from science to technology and then to innovation. Was the 2020 draft ever finalised?
• India's Research and Development Spending and the Global Innovation IndexImportance 3/5
  What share of GDP does India spend on research and development according to the latest official R&D statistics, and how does it compare with other major economies? Understand why private spending is low. What does the Global Innovation Index measure, who publishes it, and what was India's rank in the latest edition?
• Mega Science Vision-2035 and Its Climate Research RoadmapImportance 2/5
  Which office runs the Mega Science Vision-2035 exercise, and which areas of science does it cover? Which institute led its Climate Research roadmap (2026)? What problem does that roadmap point out with the instruments and models used for India's climate data? Understand the remedy it proposes through indigenous sensors and Earth system models.
• Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF)Importance 4/5
  Which Act created ANRF, in which year, and which earlier body did it replace? Who chairs its governing board, and which department administers it? Remember its funding target and how much is expected from outside government. Understand what a programme such as PAIR does for university research.
• Research Development and Innovation (RDI) SchemeImportance 4/5
  How large is the RDI Scheme's corpus, and who implements it? Understand its two levels (a fund inside ANRF and second-level fund managers), and why it gives long-term loans or equity instead of grants. Which projects qualify? Have the second-level fund managers begun funding projects yet?
• Vigyan Dhara SchemeImportance 2/5
  Which department runs the Vigyan Dhara scheme, and when was it approved? Which earlier umbrella schemes were merged into it?
• Technology Development Board, BIRAC and Deep-Tech FundsImportance 2/5
  Know what the Technology Development Board and BIRAC do, and under which departments they work. Be clear how they differ. Understand what a deep-tech fund of funds is and how these bodies manage RDI money.

3.Intellectual Property Rights

• Meaning of Intellectual Property Rights and the Nodal DepartmentImportance 3/5
  Know what intellectual property rights protect. Which kinds of IPR last for a fixed term, and which can be renewed indefinitely? Why are patents and copyright limited in time? Which department of which ministry is the nodal body for IPR? Note that this department has been renamed, so be sure of its present name.
• National IPR Policy, 2016 and IP Administration (CGPDTM, CIPAM)Importance 3/5
  Know the National IPR Policy's slogan and main aims, and which department is nodal for it. What do CGPDTM and CIPAM do? Understand how the policy keeps to TRIPS and its public-health flexibilities.
• Copyright and the Copyright Act, 1957Importance 3/5
  Which kinds of works does copyright cover, and does it need registration to arise? Remember its usual term. How does copyright differ from a patent in what it protects?
• Trademarks and the Trade Marks Act, 1999Importance 2/5
  Learn what a trademark distinguishes and which kinds of marks can be registered. Can registration be renewed, and for how long?
• Patents and the Patents Act, 1970Importance 4/5UPSC 2019
  Learn what a patent protects, and for how long. Remember the main conditions an invention must meet. Understand how the 2005 amendment changed patents on drugs, and why TRIPS required it. What did the Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2024 change? Roughly, what cannot be patented?
• Industrial Designs and the Designs Act, 2000Importance 2/5
  Does design protection cover how a product looks or how it works? Remember the Act that governs it. How does a design differ from a patent?
• Trade SecretsImportance 2/5
  Understand what a trade secret is, and whether protecting it needs registration. How does India protect trade secrets without a separate statute? Did the Law Commission propose a law in 2024, and has Parliament enacted one since?
• Geographical Indications and the GI Act, 1999Importance 4/5
  Know what a geographical indication identifies and who can register one. Remember how long registration lasts, whether it can be renewed, and which product was India's first GI. Understand why India made this law (the TRIPS link). How does a GI differ from a trademark?
• Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001Importance 3/5UPSC 2019
  Which authority runs this Act, and what does the Act protect? Understand how it balances breeders' rights with farmers' right to save and use seed. Why is it called a sui generis system under TRIPS? What was at stake in the PepsiCo potato case?
• Evergreening and Section 3(d) of the Patents ActImportance 4/5
  What is evergreening? Understand how Section 3(d) blocks it, and what a new form of a known substance must show to be patentable. What did the Supreme Court decide in the Novartis case on the cancer drug Glivec? Why does this matter for affordable medicines?
• Compulsory LicensingImportance 3/5
  Be clear what a compulsory licence is and on what grounds one can be granted. Understand its basis in TRIPS and the Patents Act, and how the Doha Declaration on public health supports it. Which drug case led to India's first compulsory licence?
• Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TKDL and the WIPO Treaty on Genetic Resources, 2024)Importance 3/5
  Who built TKDL, and how does it stop wrongful patents on traditional knowledge (biopiracy)? What does the 2024 WIPO treaty on genetic resources require in patent applications? Has India ratified it, and is the treaty in force yet?
• AI-Generated Works and Copyright AuthorshipImportance 3/5
  The Copyright Act raises three separate questions for a work made by AI: originality, authorship and ownership. Has the Copyright Office ruled on a work made by the AI system DABUS, and what did it decide on each question? How does this compare with the earlier RAGHAV painting case and with US, UK and Chinese practice?
• Medical Innovations Patent MitraImportance 2/5
  Whose platform is Medical Innovations Patent Mitra, and what help does it give researchers? What did the National Medical Commission ask medical colleges to do about it in 2026? How does MedTech Mitra differ from it?
• TRIPS AgreementImportance 4/5
  Which body administers the TRIPS Agreement? Understand why it sets minimum standards, and which areas of IP it covers. Understand the flexibilities it allows, such as compulsory licensing and sui generis plant protection. How does TRIPS differ from the treaties of WIPO?
• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)Importance 3/5
  Where is WIPO based, and what kind of organisation is it? Remember some treaties it administers. What does the Riyadh Design Law Treaty of 2024 aim to do? Did India sign its Final Act in 2024, and has it ratified the treaty since?
• Paris Convention and Patent Cooperation TreatyImportance 3/5
  Know what the Paris Convention covers and what the priority right is. What does the Patent Cooperation Treaty do? After one international application under the Treaty, is a single patent granted that is valid in all member countries?
• Berne Convention and WIPO Copyright TreatyImportance 2/5
  How does the Berne Convention protect copyright across countries, and are formalities needed? What did the WIPO Copyright Treaty add for the digital environment? Be clear how the two differ, and when India joined the WCT.
• Lisbon Agreement on Appellations of OriginImportance 2/5
  Which body administers the Lisbon Agreement, and what are appellations of origin? Is India a party to it? How does an appellation of origin differ from a geographical indication?

4.Contributions of Indian Scientists

• Srinivasa RamanujanImportance 3/5
  Remember Srinivasa Ramanujan's main fields and the results named after him. How did he gain recognition despite little formal training? Which day is observed as National Mathematics Day in his honour?
• Prasanta Chandra MahalanobisImportance 3/5
  What is the Mahalanobis distance used for? What part did he play in the Second Five-Year Plan, and which institute did he found? Which day is observed as National Statistics Day?
• C. V. Raman and the Raman EffectImportance 4/5
  What is the Raman effect? Understand how Raman scattering differs from Rayleigh scattering in energy and wavelength, and how Raman spectroscopy uses it. In which year did Raman win the Nobel Prize, and which day celebrates the discovery?
• Jagadish Chandra BoseImportance 3/5
  Know what J. C. Bose contributed to radio and microwave work, and to the study of how plants respond to stimuli. Remember the instrument he built for plants and the institute he founded. Which honours did he receive, and in which years?
• Satyendra Nath Bose and Bose-Einstein StatisticsImportance 3/5
  Understand what Bose-Einstein statistics describe, what bosons are and how they differ from fermions. What part did Einstein play, and which particles carry Bose's name?
• Bose-Einstein CondensateImportance 3/5
  Under what conditions does a Bose-Einstein condensate form, and how do the atoms in it behave? Why is it counted as a separate state of matter, and what number is it often given in the list of states of matter? When was it first made in a laboratory?
• Meghnad Saha and the Saha EquationImportance 3/5UPSC 1998
  Know what the Saha equation describes in the gas of a star. Understand ionisation and how the equation helps explain the spectral lines of stars.
• Narinder Singh Kapany and Fibre OpticsImportance 2/5
  Why is Narinder Singh Kapany linked with this field? Understand what fibre optics is, and whether he coined the term or only helped popularise it.
• Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and the Chandrasekhar LimitImportance 4/5
  What is the Chandrasekhar limit, what is its approximate value, and what happens to a white dwarf above it? Understand the role of electron degeneracy pressure. In which year did he win the Nobel Prize in Physics, and with whom?
• Vikram SarabhaiImportance 3/5
  Which field did Vikram Sarabhai research? Remember the institutions he founded or led in space, physics, management and atomic energy. Was he alive when India's first satellite, Aryabhata, was launched?
• Homi Jehangir BhabhaImportance 4/5
  Be clear about Homi Bhabha's role in founding India's nuclear programme. Which institutions did he found and head? Remember what the Trombay establishment is called today. Understand the three-stage nuclear power programme in outline.
• Tessy ThomasImportance 2/5
  Why is Tessy Thomas called the "Missile Woman of India"? Which missile projects did she lead, and what kind of missiles are they?
• M. VisvesvarayaImportance 2/5
  Which major dam on the Kaveri did M. Visvesvaraya design, and what did it change for the region? Which national honour did he receive, and which day is observed as Engineers' Day in his honour?
• Shanti Swarup BhatnagarImportance 3/5UPSC 2009
  Be clear about Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar's role in setting up CSIR. Which scientific instrument carries his name?
• Har Gobind Khorana and OligonucleotidesImportance 4/5UPSC 1995, 2001
  Understand what Khorana's work showed about nucleotides and protein synthesis. In which year, and with whom, did he win the Nobel Prize? What are oligonucleotides, and what are they used for in biotechnology?
• Salim AliImportance 2/5
  Why is Salim Ali called the "Birdman of India"? Remember his best-known book on Indian birds.
• M. S. Swaminathan and the Green RevolutionImportance 4/5UPSC 1998
  What was M. S. Swaminathan's role in the Green Revolution? Where did the high-yielding wheat and rice varieties come from, and what made them high-yielding? Were they produced by conventional breeding or by genetic modification? Which national honour came to him in 2024?
• Upendranath Brahmachari and Urea StibamineImportance 2/5
  Which drug did Upendranath Brahmachari make, which disease did it treat, and in which year?
• Dilip Mahalanabis and Oral Rehydration SolutionImportance 3/5
  Know what oral rehydration solution (ORS) is and what it treats. Where and when did Dilip Mahalanabis show its large-scale value? Did he invent it, or pioneer its use? Which national honour did he receive in 2023?
• Women Scientists of India (Janaki Ammal, Anna Mani, Asima Chatterjee, Kamala Sohonie)Importance 2/5
  Remember the field and best-known work of each of these four women scientists. Which of them was the first Indian woman to earn a PhD in a scientific discipline?
• Indian Scientists in Recent News (Jayant Narlikar, K. Kasturirangan, M. R. Srinivasan)Importance 2/5
  Remember the field and main contribution of each of these three scientists. Which recognition or event brought each of them into the news recently?

5.Science Awards

• Rashtriya Vigyan PuraskarImportance 4/5UPSC 2009
  Why was this award created, and which earlier awards did it replace? What are its four categories? Who confers it, and which national days does the scheme link to the announcement and to the ceremony? How does the Vigyan Yuva award differ from the older Bhatnagar Prize? Who received the latest Vigyan Ratna, and have the 2026 awards been announced?
• National Science Day, National Technology Day and National Space DayImportance 3/5
  On which date is each of these three days observed, and which event does each one mark?
• Major International Science Prizes (Fields Medal, Abel Prize, Wolf Prize, Kalinga Prize)Importance 2/5
  For each of these four prizes, which field is it given in and which body awards it? Understand how the Fields Medal and the Abel Prize differ. Which Indian or Indian-origin scientists have won them?
• ICTP Dirac Medal and Its Indian RecipientsImportance 2/5
  In which field is the ICTP Dirac Medal given, and which winners are excluded? Which Indian physicist shared the 2026 medal, and for what work? Understand what self-organised criticality means and what the sandpile model shows.

6.Nobel Prizes in Science

• Nobel Prize: Origin, Categories and Awarding BodiesImportance 3/5UPSC 1995
  In which year were the first Nobel Prizes given, and what are the categories? Which body awards each science prize? Be clear how the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences differs from the Karolinska Institutet. Why is the Economic Sciences prize not one of Alfred Nobel's original prizes?
• Indian and Indian-Origin Nobel Laureates in ScienceImportance 4/5
  Who are India's Nobel laureates in science? Remember the year, field and work of each. Distinguish an Indian citizen from a person of Indian origin at the time of the award. Which other Indians won Nobel Prizes in non-science fields, Economics included?
• Nobel Prizes in Science, 2024Importance 2/5
  Who won each of the 2024 science Nobel Prizes, and for which discovery? Two of them relate to artificial intelligence: understand how. What is microRNA, and what does it do in a cell?
• Nobel Prize in Physics, 2025Importance 3/5
  Who shared the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics, and for what discovery? Understand the quantum effects involved in simple terms, and why seeing them in a circuit big enough to be seen matters. How does this link to superconducting qubits?
• Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2025Importance 3/5
  Who shared the 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and for developing what kind of material? Understand what a metal-organic framework is, and what it can be used for.
• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2025Importance 3/5
  Who shared the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and for what discovery? Understand how the immune system is kept from attacking the body's own tissues, and the role of regulatory T cells.
• Nobel Prize in Physics, 2026Importance 4/5
  Who received the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physics, and for what discovery? Understand in simple terms what is detected, how it is detected and what it reveals.
• Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2026Importance 3/5
  Who received the 2026 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and for what discovery? Understand what chirality is and why only one mirror-image form of a drug may be useful. How did the winning work help in making a single mirror-image form?
• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2026Importance 4/5
  Who received the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and for what discovery? Understand where in nature the light-sensitive proteins behind the work were found, and how light is used to switch nerve cells on and off.

1. 1.

   Consider the following statements about the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF):
   1. It was created by an Act of Parliament passed in 2023 that dissolved the Science and Engineering Research Board.
   2. Its Governing Board is headed by the Union Minister of Science and Technology.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
2. 2.

   As of July 2025, consider the following statements about the Research Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme:
   1. It has a total outlay of Rs 1 lakh crore.
   2. A Special Purpose Fund is set up within the Anusandhan National Research Foundation to hold the money.
   3. The Special Purpose Fund lends directly to private companies without any intermediary.
   4. It offers long-term financing to private companies at low or nil interest rates.
   How many of the above statements are correct?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. COnly three
   4. DAll four
3. 3.

   Which one of the following is excluded from patentability by Section 3 of the Patents Act, 1970?

   1. AA known process that results in a new product
   2. BA new form of a known substance that shows significantly enhanced efficacy
   3. CA known process that employs at least one new reactant
   4. DSeeds and varieties of plants, other than micro-organisms
4. 4.

   With reference to the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, consider the following statements:
   1. Once granted, the registration of a geographical indication is permanent and never needs renewal.
   2. A geographical indication identifies goods whose given quality, reputation or other characteristic is essentially attributable to their geographical origin.
   3. An association of persons or producers can apply to register a geographical indication.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 and 2 only
   2. B2 and 3 only
   3. C1 and 3 only
   4. D1, 2 and 3
5. 5.

   Consider the following pairs:

   International instrument	Feature
   1. TRIPS Agreement	Administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization
   2. Lisbon Agreement	Facilitates international protection of appellations of origin
   3. Berne Convention	Ensures international copyright protection without formalities

   Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

   1. A1 and 2 only
   2. B2 and 3 only
   3. C1 and 3 only
   4. D1, 2 and 3
6. 6.

   Consider the following statements about the Raman effect:
   1. National Science Day (28 February) commemorates the discovery of the Raman effect.
   2. Rayleigh scattering is inelastic, with the scattered light having a different energy from the incident light.
   3. In Raman scattering, the scattered light has the same energy and wavelength as the incident light.
   How many of the above statements are correct?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. CAll three
   4. DNone
7. 7.

   Consider the following statements:
   Statement-I: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983.
   Statement-II: The Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass a white dwarf star can have, about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.
   Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

   1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
   2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
   3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
   4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
8. 8.

   Consider the following pairs:

   Scientist	Association
   1. Homi Jehangir Bhabha	Founding director of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
   2. Vikram Sarabhai	Spearheaded the launch of India's first satellite, Aryabhata
   3. Salim Ali	Known as the "Birdman of India"
   4. M. Visvesvaraya	Designed the Krishna Raj Sagara Dam on the Kaveri

   How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. COnly three
   4. DAll four
9. 9.

   Consider the following statements about the Green Revolution in India:
   1. The high-yielding wheat seeds were sourced from Mexico, developed by Norman Borlaug.
   2. The high-yielding rice variety IR-8 came from the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines.
   3. The semi-dwarf high-yielding varieties were produced by genetic modification.
   How many of the above statements are correct?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. CAll three
   4. DNone
10. 10.

    Match List I with List II:

    List I (Nobel laureate)	List II (Field of contribution)
    A. C. V. Raman	1. Work on the genetic code and protein synthesis
    B. Har Gobind Khorana	2. Research on the structure and evolution of stars
    C. S. Chandrasekhar	3. Studies of the structure and function of the ribosome
    D. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan	4. Raman effect in light scattering

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    1. AA-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
    2. BA-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
    3. CA-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
    4. DA-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
11. 11.

    The 2026 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for decisive contributions to which one of the following?

    1. AThe IceCube Neutrino Observatory and the discovery of high-energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin
    2. BMacroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit
    3. CThe discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through distant supernovae
    4. DThe first image of the shadow of a supermassive black hole
12. 12.

    Consider the following statements about the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine:
    1. It was shared by Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel.
    2. Hegemann and Nagel found channelrhodopsins, light-gated ion channels, in green algae.
    3. Deisseroth turned these proteins into a tool for controlling nerve cells with light.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. CAll three
    4. DNone
13. 13.

    With reference to the Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar 2025, announced in October 2025, consider the following statements:
    1. The Vigyan Ratna was conferred posthumously on Prof. Jayant Vishnu Narlikar.
    2. Fourteen Vigyan Shri awards were announced.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
14. 14.

    Under Section 3(d) of the Patents Act, 1970, which of the following is required before a new form of a known substance can be patented?

    1. AIt must be shown to be a salt, ester or polymorph of the substance
    2. BIt must have been patented earlier in another country
    3. CIt must differ only in particle size from the known substance
    4. DIt must result in the enhancement of the known efficacy of that substance
15. 15.

    With reference to copyright law in India, consider the following statements:
    1. To qualify for copyright, a work must be novel or inventive.
    2. For computer-generated works, the Copyright Act, 1957 defines its author as the person who causes the work to be created.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2

1. 1.

   UPSC 2001

   Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
   List I (Achievement in genetics)
   I. Discovery of transduction and conjugation in bacteria
   II. Establishing the sex-linked inheritance
   III. Isolation of DNA polymerase from E. coli
   IV. Establishing the complete genetic code
   List II (Scientists) A) Khurana B) Kornberg C) Lederberg D) Morgan E) Ochoa

   1. AI-D, II-C, III-B, IV-A
   2. BI-C, II-D, III-A, IV-E
   3. CI-D, II-C, III-A, IV-E
   4. DI-C, II-D, III-B, IV-A
2. 2.

   UPSC 2026

   Which of the following statements with regard to India’s Deep Ocean Mission is/are correct ?
   1. It was launched by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India.
   2. Matsya-6000 has been designed to carry 3 people for deep sea exploration.
   3. Samudrayaan is a project under this mission.
   Select the answer using the code given below :

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 and 3 only
   3. C1 and 2 only
   4. D1, 2 and 3
3. 3.

   UPSC 2019

   Consider the following statements :
   1. According to the Indian Patents Act, a biological process to create a seed can be patented in India.
   2. In India, there is no Intellectual Property Appellate Board.
   3. Plant varieties are not eligible to be patented in India.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 and 3 only
   2. B2 and 3 only
   3. C3 only
   4. D1, 2 and 3
4. 4.

   UPSC 2015

   Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation–India (NIF)?
   1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government.
   2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India's premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions.
   Select the correct answer using the code given below.

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
5. 5.

   UPSC 2015

   The term 'IndARC', sometimes seen in the news, is the name of

   1. Aan indigenously developed radar system inducted into Indian Defence
   2. BIndia's satellite to provide services to the countries of Indian Ocean Rim
   3. Ca scientific establishment set up by India in Antarctic region
   4. DIndia's underwater observatory to scientifically study the Arctic region
6. 6.

   UPSC 2009

   For outstanding contribution to which one of the following fields is Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize given ?

   1. ALiterature
   2. BPerforming Arts
   3. CScience
   4. DSocial Service
7. 7.

   UPSC 2008

   Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? Institute — Location
   1. National Centre for Cell Science : Mysore
   2. Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics : Hyderabad
   3. National Brain Research Centre : Gurgaon
   Select the correct answer using the code given below:

   1. A1, 2 and 3
   2. B1 and 2 only
   3. C2 and 3 only
   4. D1 and 3 only
8. 8.

   UPSC 2008

   Who among the following scientists shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with his son?

   1. AMax Planck
   2. BAlbert Einstein
   3. CWilliam Henry Bragg
   4. DEnrico Fermi
9. 9.

   UPSC 2007

   What is the broad area in which the Nobel Prize winners for the year 2006 in Physiology or Medicine worked to get the prize?

   1. APrevention of weakening due to ageing
   2. BFlow of genetic information
   3. CImmunology and disease resistance
   4. DAdult stem-cell research
10. 10.

    UPSC 2007

    Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists:
    List-I (Person)
    A. John
    C. Mather
    B. Michael Griffin
    C. Paul G. Allen
    D. Piers Sellers
    List-II (Known as)
    1. Co-founder of Microsoft
    2. Space walker
    3. Administrator of NASA
    4. Nobel Prize winner, 2006 in Physics
    Codes:

    1. AA-4 B-1 C-3 D-2
    2. BA-2 B-3 C-1 D-4
    3. CA-4 B-3 C-1 D-2
    4. DA-2 B-1 C-3 D-4
11. 11.

    UPSC 2007

    Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

    1. AWilliams Dickson : Motion Picture Film
    2. BCharles Babbage : Programmable Computer
    3. CNicholas Stern : Construction Technology
    4. DBrian Greene : String Theory
12. 12.

    UPSC 2006

    Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? Inventor : Invention
    1. Christopher Cockerell : Hovercraft
    2. David Bushnell : Submarine
    3. J.
    C. Perrier : Steamship
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    1. A1, 2 and 3
    2. B1 and 2 only
    3. C2 and 3 only
    4. D1 and 3 only
13. 13.

    UPSC 2006

    Who is the President of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research?

    1. APresident of India
    2. BVice-President of India
    3. CPrime Minister of India
    4. DUnion Minister of Science and Technology
14. 14.

    UPSC 2006

    Match List-I (Indian Scientist/Scholar) with List-II (Area of work) and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists:
    List I A.
    C. N. R. Rao
    B. Jagdish Bhagwati
    C. G. N. Ramchandran
    D. Ashok
    List II
    1. Telecommunication
    2. Physics
    3. Economics
    4. Solid State Chemistry and Material Science
    Code:

    1. AA-4 B-3 C-2 D-1
    2. BA-2 B-1 C-4 D-3
    3. CA-4 B-1 C-2 D-3
    4. DA-2 B-3 C-4 D-1
15. 15.

    UPSC 2005

    Consider the following statements :
    1. The Headquarters of the International Organization for Standardization are located in Rome
    2. ISO 9000 relates to the quality management system and standards.
    3. ISO 14000 relates to environmental management system standards.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 and 2
    2. B3 only
    3. C2 and 3
    4. DNone
16. 16.

    UPSC 2005

    Consider the following statements :
    1. Vigyan Rail is a Science Exhibition on wheels organized by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
    2. Vigyan Prasar is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Human Resource Development.
    3. EDUSAT, the ISRO’s educational satellite was launched from French Guyana in 2004.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1, 2 and 3
    2. B1 and 2
    3. C2 and 3
    4. DNone
17. 17.

    UPSC 2004

    Match List I (Institute) with List II (Located At) and select the correct answer using the codes given below:
    List I (A) Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (B) International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (C) Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (D) Tropical Forestry Research Institutes
    List II
    1. Coimbatore
    2. Mumbai
    3. Jabalpur
    4. Hyderabad
    Codes: A B C D

    1. A2 3 1 4
    2. B1 4 2 3
    3. C2 4 1 3
    4. D1 3 2 4
18. 18.

    UPSC 2004

    Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?

    1. AReinhold Messner — Computer Technology
    2. BHarlow Shapley — Astronomy
    3. CGregor Mendel — Hereditary Theory
    4. DGodfrey Housfield — CT Scan
19. 19.

    UPSC 2004

    The research work of Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield, the Nobel Prize winners for Medicine in 2003, relates to

    1. AThe control of AIDS
    2. BMagnetic resonance imaging
    3. CRespiratory diseases
    4. DGenetic engineering
20. 20.

    UPSC 2001

    The theme of Indian Science Congress, 2001 was

    1. A“Food Nutrition and Environmental Security”
    2. B“Arrest declining interest in pure sciences”
    3. C“Make India energy self-sufficient”
    4. D“Make India IT Superpower”
21. 21.

    UPSC 2001

    Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
    List I (Institute)
    I. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
    II. Centre for DNA Finger Printing and Diagnostics
    III. Institute of Microbial Technology
    IV. National Institute of Immunology
    List II (Location) A) Chandigarh B) Hyderabad C) New Delhi D) Lucknow

    1. AI-B, II-D, III-A, IV-C
    2. BI-D, II-B, III-A, IV-C
    3. CI-B, II-D, III-C, IV-A
    4. DI-D, II-B, III-C, IV-A
22. 22.

    UPSC 1998

    Match the names of outstanding Indian scientists given in List I with the area of their specialised work given in List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
    List I
    I. Dr. Raja Ramanna
    II. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
    III. Prof. U. R. Rao
    IV. Prof. Meghnad Saha
    List II A) Plant Chemistry B) Nuclear Physics C) Thermodynamics and astrophysics D) Space research E) Agricultural sciences

    1. AI-C, II-E, III-B, IV-A
    2. BI-B, II-A, III-D, IV-C
    3. CI-B, II-E, III-D, IV-C
    4. DI-C, II-A, III-D, IV-B
23. 23.

    UPSC 1995

    The Nobel Prize for deciphering the language of bees was awarded to

    1. AH. G. Khurana
    2. BK. V. Frisch
    3. CJulian Huxley
    4. DDorothy Hodgkins