President

1.Election of the President

• The Union Executive and the President as Head of StateImportance 3/5
  Which Part and which range of Articles of the Constitution deal with the Union executive, and who are its five members? Understand what it means for the President to be the head of the Indian State, its first citizen and a symbol of the nation's unity.
• Composition of the Electoral CollegeImportance 5/5UPSC 4 Years
  Who elects the President? Know the three groups of elected members in the electoral college, including the Union Territory assemblies that take part and the amendment that first added them. Is the Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory assembly part of it? Be clear on whether each of these can vote: nominated members of Parliament and of state assemblies, members of state legislative councils, and members of an assembly that has been dissolved.
• Value of Votes of MLAs and MPsImportance 5/5UPSC 1997, 2018, 2023
  What do "uniformity" among the states and "parity" between the states and the Union mean in this election? You should be able to explain how the value of an MLA's vote and of an MP's vote is worked out. Remember which census the population figures come from, the amendment that first fixed it and the amendment that extended this freeze, and the value of one MP's vote in the 2022 election.
• Proportional Representation by Single Transferable VoteImportance 5/5
  Understand how the voting works: the electoral system used, the secret ballot, and how each voter marks preferences on a single ballot paper. You should be able to explain how the quota of votes is calculated, and how votes are counted and transferred until one candidate reaches it.
• Disputes Relating to the Presidential ElectionImportance 4/5UPSC 2023
  Which body decides doubts and disputes about a presidential election, and is its decision final? Can an election be challenged because some seats in the electoral college were vacant? If an election is declared void, what happens to the acts the President did before that?
• Why the Constitution Chose Indirect ElectionImportance 4/5
  Some members of the Constituent Assembly wanted the people to elect the President directly. You should be able to explain the two reasons the makers chose indirect election, one linked to the parliamentary system and one to the size of the electorate. Why was election by the two Houses of Parliament alone also rejected?
• Objections to the Terms "Proportional Representation" and "Single Transferable Vote"Importance 2/5
  Why was "proportional representation" called a wrong name for an election to a single office, and what name was suggested instead? Also understand the objection to the word "single" in "single transferable vote".
• Presidential Elections Held So FarImportance 3/5UPSC 2008
  Remember the main facts of past presidential elections: the only person elected twice, the year a President was elected unopposed, the closest contest, and the most recent election and its winner.

2.Qualifications, Oath and Conditions

• Qualifications for Election as PresidentImportance 5/5
  Know the four qualifications to be elected President, with respect to citizenship, minimum age, eligibility for the Lok Sabha and holding an office of profit. Which office-holders are treated as not holding an office of profit, so that they can still stand for election?
• Nomination and Security DepositImportance 3/5
  How many electors must propose and second a candidate's nomination? Remember the amount of the security deposit and when it is forfeited. Is the forfeiture limit worked out from the votes polled or from the quota of votes needed to win? Know the 1997 change to these figures and its purpose.
• Oath or Affirmation by the PresidentImportance 4/5UPSC 1997
  Three promises make up the President's oath or affirmation. Learn what they are, who administers the oath, and who does so in that person's absence. Does someone acting as President also take an oath?
• Conditions of President's OfficeImportance 4/5UPSC 1997
  Know the five conditions of the President's office, covering membership of a legislature, other offices of profit, the official residence, emoluments, and their protection during the term. If a sitting MP or MLA is elected President, on what date is the seat treated as vacated?
• Emoluments, Pension and Benefits of the PresidentImportance 2/5
  Remember the President's monthly salary after the 2018 revision and the law that made it. On what basis is a retired President's pension worked out, and what does the spouse of a deceased President receive?
• Privileges and Immunities of the PresidentImportance 4/5
  Be clear on the President's immunity in three areas: official acts, criminal proceedings over personal acts during the term, and civil proceedings over personal acts. Can a civil case be brought while the President is in office, and if so, after how much notice?

3.Term, Impeachment and Vacancy

• Term of President's Office and Re-electionImportance 4/5
  How long is the President's term, and to whom is a resignation addressed? Know whether the President can stay on after the term ends, and how many times a person can be re-elected. How does this differ from the rule in the USA?
• Impeachment of the PresidentImportance 5/5UPSC 1996, 2022
  On what single ground can the President be impeached, and does the Constitution define it? You should be able to explain each step: which House can start the process, the signatures needed, the notice needed (and what it is notice of), the majority required in each House, and the President's right to be heard. Know the date from which removal takes effect. Why is impeachment called a quasi-judicial procedure, and has any President been impeached so far?
• Participation in Election versus ImpeachmentImportance 4/5UPSC 1996
  Some members take part in electing the President but not in impeaching, and some the other way round. Do nominated members of Parliament take part in each process? Do elected members of state assemblies and of the Delhi and Puducherry assemblies?
• How a Vacancy ArisesImportance 3/5
  In what five ways can the President's office fall vacant? Know examples of the "otherwise" case, and which Presidents died in office.
• Time Limit for Filling a VacancyImportance 4/5
  How is the rule for filling a vacancy at the end of a term different from the rule for a vacancy caused by resignation, removal, death or otherwise? Understand why the outgoing President stays on if the election is delayed, and whether the Vice-President has any role then. How long does a President elected to fill a vacancy serve?
• Acting President and Discharge of FunctionsImportance 4/5UPSC 1995
  Understand the difference between acting as President when the office is vacant and discharging the President's functions when the President is absent or ill. Know the full order of who takes over, and the 1969 example. What powers, immunities and pay does the person acting as President get?

4.Powers and Functions of the President

• Executive Action in the President's Name and Rules of BusinessImportance 3/5UPSC 2014
  Understand what it means that all executive action of the Government of India is formally taken in the President's name. Know the two kinds of rules the President makes: for authenticating orders, and for the transaction and allocation of business among ministers.
• Appointments Made by the PresidentImportance 4/5
  Learn the key offices the President appoints, such as the Prime Minister and other ministers, the Attorney General, the CAG, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, UPSC members, Governors and the Finance Commission. Which of these hold office during the President's pleasure, and who fixes the Attorney General's pay?
• Seeking Information from the Prime MinisterImportance 3/5
  What information can the President ask the Prime Minister for? Understand when the President can require a minister's decision to be put before the whole council of ministers.
• Commissions, Inter-State Council, Union Territories and Scheduled AreasImportance 3/5
  Learn these executive powers in outline: appointing a commission on the conditions of backward classes, setting up an inter-state council (and its purpose), administering Union Territories through administrators, and declaring scheduled areas.
• Summoning, Prorogation, Dissolution, Joint Sitting, Address and MessagesImportance 4/5
  Know the President's powers to summon and prorogue Parliament, dissolve the Lok Sabha and summon a joint sitting. Who presides over a joint sitting? On which two occasions does the President address Parliament, and on what matters can the President send messages to the Houses?
• Presiding Members and Nominations to ParliamentImportance 4/5
  When can the President appoint a member to preside over the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha? Remember how many members the President nominates to the Rajya Sabha and from which fields. What was the nomination of Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha, and which amendment ended it (and from when)?
• Deciding Disqualification of Members of ParliamentImportance 3/5
  Who decides whether a Member of Parliament is disqualified on the grounds listed in Article 102(1)? Whose opinion must the President obtain first, and is the President bound by it? Who decides disqualification on the ground of defection instead?
• Bills Needing the President's Prior RecommendationImportance 4/5
  Certain bills need the President's recommendation in Parliament. Remember all seven types. Which of them needs the recommendation only when it is taken up for consideration, not when it is introduced? Which kind of state bill can be introduced only with the President's previous sanction?
• Laying Reports and Making Regulations for Union TerritoriesImportance 3/5UPSC 2012
  Whose reports does the President lay before Parliament? For which Union Territories can the President make regulations, and when does this power extend to Puducherry?
• Financial Powers of the PresidentImportance 4/5UPSC 2024
  Know the President's role in money bills, the Union Budget, demands for grants, advances from the Contingency Fund of India, and the Finance Commission. How often is the Finance Commission set up (and can it be set up earlier), and what is its job?
• Appointment of Judges and Advice from the Supreme CourtImportance 4/5
  Whom does the President appoint in the Supreme Court and the high courts? Understand the President's power under Article 143 to seek the Supreme Court's advice on a question of law or fact. Must the Court always give its advice under each clause of Article 143, and does that advice bind the President?
• Diplomatic Powers of the PresidentImportance 3/5
  On whose behalf are international treaties and agreements made? Does every treaty need Parliament's approval? Understand Parliament's power under Article 253 to make laws that put treaties into effect. Know the President's role in representing India abroad and in sending and receiving diplomats.
• Supreme Command of the Defence ForcesImportance 3/5
  As supreme commander of the defence forces, which appointments does the President make? Know the President's power to declare war and conclude peace, and understand how Article 53(2) lets Parliament regulate the supreme command by law.
• Three Types of Emergency and Their ArticlesImportance 4/5
  What are the three types of emergency, and under which Article (or Articles) is each proclaimed? Remember the other names used for President's Rule.
• National Emergency: Grounds and PowersImportance 4/5
  On what three grounds can a National Emergency be proclaimed, and can it cover only part of the country? Know the two extra powers the President gets, and which Fundamental Rights cannot be suspended even then.
• President's Rule: Grounds and PowersImportance 4/5
  Know the two grounds for President's Rule and the Article behind each. What three powers does the President gain over the state, including over its legislature and its Consolidated Fund?
• Financial Emergency: Ground and PowersImportance 3/5
  When can a Financial Emergency be proclaimed? Understand the President's power to order cuts in salaries and allowances, and whether it covers judges of the Supreme Court and high courts.

5.Veto Power of the President

• President's Options on a Bill Passed by ParliamentImportance 5/5
  What three options does Article 111 give the President when Parliament sends a bill for assent? Which kind of bill cannot be returned, and what must the President do if Parliament passes a returned bill again?
• Purpose of the Veto PowerImportance 3/5
  Why does the President have a veto power at all? Understand its two objects, and remember what the Latin word "veto" means.
• Types of Executive Veto and Those the Indian President HasImportance 5/5
  Be clear about the four types of executive veto found in modern states and how each works, especially the difference between a qualified and a suspensive veto. Which three does the Indian President have, which one is missing, and which country's President has it?
• Absolute VetoImportance 4/5
  Understand what happens to a bill when the President uses the absolute veto, and the two situations in which it is usually used. Remember the two instances, in 1954 and 1991, with the bill and the reason in each case.
• Suspensive VetoImportance 4/5
  When does the President use the suspensive veto, and what majority does Parliament need to override it? How is this different from the USA? Why can this veto not be used on money bills, and why does the President normally assent to them?
• Pocket VetoImportance 5/5UPSC 2023
  What is the pocket veto, and why is the Indian President able to use it? Compare it with the time limit the US President faces, and understand the remark that the Indian President's pocket is "bigger". Remember the 1986 instance: which bill, which President, and what the next President did with it in 1989.
• Constitutional Amendment Bills and the Veto PowerImportance 4/5UPSC 2022
  Does the President have any veto over a constitutional amendment bill? Remember which amendment, and in which year, settled the President's duty on such bills.
• Presidential Veto over State LegislationImportance 5/5
  What options does the Governor have under Article 200 when a state bill is presented? Understand how the Supreme Court settled this in the 2025 Presidential Reference. Know the President's three options under Article 201 when a bill is reserved. If the state legislature passes the bill again, how does the President's position differ from that on a central bill? Does the Constitution fix a time limit for the President's decision, and can courts impose one? What does this mean for a pocket veto over state bills?
• Veto over Central and State Legislation ComparedImportance 3/5
  Compare the President's veto over central and state bills for each kind of bill: ordinary bills, money bills and constitutional amendment bills. In each case, can the bill be ratified, rejected or returned?

6.Ordinance-Making Power of the President

• Nature of Ordinances under Article 123Importance 4/5UPSC 2003
  Which Article lets the President make ordinances, and at what time? Understand what force an ordinance has compared with an Act of Parliament, why it is only a temporary law, and what kind of situations it is meant for.
• When an Ordinance Can Be IssuedImportance 5/5UPSC 2002
  Can an ordinance be issued when only one House of Parliament is in session, and why or why not? What happens to an ordinance made while both Houses are in session? Understand why the ordinance power is not a parallel power of law-making.
• President's Satisfaction and Judicial ReviewImportance 5/5
  Before issuing an ordinance, what must the President be satisfied about, and can this satisfaction be questioned in court? Understand what the Cooper case (1970) did and did not decide on this, and the example of Parliament being prorogued on purpose to issue an ordinance. How did the 38th Amendment (1975) and then the 44th Amendment (1978) change Article 123? What did the Krishna Kumar Singh case (2017) hold about judicial review of this satisfaction, and where does the position stand now?
• Ordinance Power Coextensive with Parliament's Law-Making PowerImportance 4/5UPSC 2025
  The ordinance power is coextensive with (has the same reach as) Parliament's law-making power in every matter but one. Which matter is that? Understand the two results: on which subjects ordinances can be made, and whether an ordinance can take away Fundamental Rights. How does Article 13 connect to this?
• Laying Before Parliament and Maximum Life of an OrdinanceImportance 5/5
  When Parliament reassembles, must an ordinance be laid before both Houses? How is an ordinance replaced by an Act of Parliament? Remember the six-week rule, the date it is counted from when the Houses meet on different dates, and how an ordinance can end earlier. You should be able to explain how the maximum life of an ordinance is worked out. Do actions already completed under a lapsed ordinance survive? What test did the Krishna Kumar Singh case (2017) set for this, and how do public interest and irreversibility come into it?
• Withdrawal, Ministerial Advice and Scope of OrdinancesImportance 4/5UPSC 2025
  Can the President issue or withdraw an ordinance on personal judgement, or only on the advice of the council of ministers? Can an ordinance have retrospective effect, repeal an Act of Parliament or another ordinance, change a tax law, or amend the Constitution?
• Justification and Unusual Character of the Ordinance PowerImportance 3/5
  Is an ordinance power common in other democracies such as the USA and the UK? Understand how Dr. B.R. Ambedkar justified it in the Constituent Assembly. Does the power depend on a National Emergency under Article 352? Also learn what the Lok Sabha rules require when a bill to replace an ordinance is introduced.
• Repromulgation of OrdinancesImportance 4/5
  Know the facts of the D.C. Wadhwa case (1986) about the Bihar Governor's ordinances. What did the Supreme Court hold about repromulgating the same ordinance again and again, and what was its reasoning about ordinances and the legislature's law-making power? How did the Krishna Kumar Singh case (2017) reaffirm and extend this view?

7.Pardoning Power of the President

• Scope of the Pardoning Power under Article 72Importance 5/5
  Under Article 72, in which three kinds of cases can the President grant pardons? Be clear on each, with respect to the type of law broken, the type of court, and the type of sentence.
• Nature and Object of the Pardoning PowerImportance 3/5
  Is the President's pardoning power dependent on the judiciary, and does the President sit as a court of appeal when using it? Understand the two objects of the power.
• Pardon, Commutation, Remission, Respite and ReprieveImportance 5/5
  Learn the meaning of each of these five terms. You should be able to tell them apart, especially commutation from remission and respite from reprieve, and know the purpose behind a respite and a reprieve.
• Pardoning Power of the President and the Governor ComparedImportance 5/5
  What pardoning power does the Governor have under Article 161, and for offences against which laws? Know how it differs from the President's power over court-martial sentences. It is commonly said that the Governor cannot pardon a death sentence. Understand where this view comes from, and how it fits the wording of Articles 72(1)(c), 72(3) and 161. Which powers over a death sentence do the President and the Governor share?
• Judicial Principles on the Pardoning PowerImportance 4/5UPSC 2025
  Remember the principles the Supreme Court laid down in the Kehar Singh case (1988) on the pardoning power, on oral hearing, a fresh look at the evidence, ministerial advice and guidelines. On what grounds can a court review a pardon decision? Which of these points had the Maru Ram case (1980) already held?

8.Constitutional Position of the President

• President as a Nominal ExecutiveImportance 5/5
  Why does a parliamentary form of government make the President a nominal executive? You should be able to explain who the real executive is, and how the President's powers are actually exercised.
• Ambedkar on the Position of the PresidentImportance 4/5
  How did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar sum up the President's position in the Constituent Assembly? Remember whom he compared the Indian President with, and how they differed. In his words, was the President head of the State, of the Executive, or both? Also remember his phrase comparing the President's place in administration to a seal.
• Articles 53, 74 and 75Importance 5/5UPSC 2015
  Know what Articles 53, 74 and 75 provide about the President and the council of ministers. Why is the word "shall" in Article 74 important? Understand why the rule on collective responsibility in Article 75 is called the foundation of the parliamentary system.
• Binding Nature of Ministerial Advice: 42nd and 44th AmendmentsImportance 5/5UPSC 2002, 2003, 2024
  Did the original Constitution say whether ministerial advice binds the President, and what did the 42nd Amendment (1976) change? What power did the 44th Amendment (1978) give the President, and is the advice binding after that? Remember how President K.R. Narayanan used this power over Uttar Pradesh in 1997 and Bihar in 1998, and how each case ended.
• Situational Discretion of the PresidentImportance 5/5UPSC 2024
  Does the President have constitutional discretion, situational discretion, or both? Understand the difference, and know the three situations in which the President can act without ministers' advice (about appointing a Prime Minister, dismissing the council of ministers and dissolving the Lok Sabha).
• Articles Related to the PresidentImportance 4/5UPSC 2001
  Which subject does each main Article on the President deal with? Learn Articles 52 to 62, 65, 71, 72 and 74 to 78, along with Articles 85, 111, 112, 123 and 143.

1. 1.

   With reference to the electoral college for the election of the President of India, consider the following statements:
   1. The elected members of both Houses of Parliament are part of it.
   2. The members of the state legislative councils are part of it.
   3. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of Delhi and Puducherry are part of it.
   Which of the statements given above are correct?

   1. A1 and 2 only
   2. B2 and 3 only
   3. C1 and 3 only
   4. D1, 2 and 3
2. 2.

   Consider the following:
   1. Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha
   2. Elected members of the Lok Sabha
   3. Elected members of the Legislative Assembly of Delhi
   4. Members of state legislative councils
   How many of the above do NOT participate in the election of the President?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. COnly three
   4. DAll four
3. 3.

   Consider the following statements:
   Statement-I: When a state legislative assembly is dissolved, its members cease to be qualified to vote in the presidential election, even if fresh elections are not held before it.
   Statement-II: The Legislative Assembly of Delhi has no nominated members.
   Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

   1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
   2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
   3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
   4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
4. 4.

   Consider the following statements about the presidential election:
   1. It is held by proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote, and voting is by secret ballot.
   2. A candidate is declared elected on securing the largest number of first-preference votes, even if short of the quota.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
5. 5.

   All doubts and disputes in connection with the election of the President are enquired into and decided by

   1. Athe Election Commission of India
   2. Bthe Parliament
   3. Ca special tribunal appointed by the Chief Justice of India
   4. Dthe Supreme Court
6. 6.

   Consider the following statements:
   1. The election of a person as President cannot be challenged on the ground that the electoral college was incomplete.
   2. If the Supreme Court declares a President's election void, the acts done by that President before the declaration become invalid.
   3. Some members of the Constituent Assembly said the expression 'proportional representation' is a misnomer for the presidential election, as only one vacancy is filled.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 and 2 only
   2. B1 and 3 only
   3. C2 and 3 only
   4. D1, 2 and 3
7. 7.

   Consider the following:
   1. Should be a citizen of India
   2. Should have completed 35 years of age
   3. Should be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha
   4. Should not hold any office of profit under the Union or a state government, a local authority or any other public authority
   How many of the above are qualifications for election as President?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. COnly three
   4. DAll four
8. 8.

   Consider the following pairs regarding nomination for the presidential election:

   Requirement	Provision
   1. Proposers	At least 50 electors
   2. Security deposit	₹15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India
   3. Forfeiture of deposit	If the candidate fails to secure one-third of the votes polled

   How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. CAll three
   4. DNone
9. 9.

   Consider the following statements:
   Statement-I: A sitting Governor of a state can contest the presidential election.
   Statement-II: A Governor is not deemed to hold any office of profit for this purpose.
   Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

   1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
   2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
   3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
   4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
10. 10.

    Consider the following statements:
    1. The oath of office to the President is administered by the Chief Justice of India.
    2. The President's emoluments and allowances can be reduced during the term of office if Parliament so approves.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
11. 11.

    Match List I with List II:

    List I (Term)	List II (Meaning)
    A. Commutation	1. Stay of the execution of a sentence for a temporary period
    B. Remission	2. Substitution of one form of punishment for a lighter form
    C. Respite	3. A lesser sentence because of a special fact, such as the pregnancy of a woman offender
    D. Reprieve	4. Reducing the period of sentence without changing its character

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    1. AA-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
    2. BA-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
    3. CA-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
    4. DA-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
12. 12.

    With reference to the impeachment of the President, consider the following statements:
    1. The charges must be signed by one-fourth of the members of the House framing them, and 14 days' notice must be given to the President.
    2. The impeachment resolution must be passed by two-thirds of the members present and voting in each House.
    3. Nominated members of Parliament can participate in the impeachment.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B1 and 3 only
    3. C2 and 3 only
    4. D1, 2 and 3
13. 13.

    Consider the following statements regarding a vacancy in the office of the President:
    1. A vacancy caused by death must be filled by an election held within six months.
    2. A President elected to fill such a vacancy holds office only for the remainder of the predecessor's term.
    3. If the office of Vice-President is also vacant, the Chief Justice of India acts as President.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. CAll three
    4. DNone
14. 14.

    Consider the following statements:
    1. The President can resign by addressing the resignation letter to the Vice-President.
    2. Like the President of the USA, the President of India can be elected to the office only twice.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
15. 15.

    Consider the following bills:
    1. A money bill
    2. A bill for the alteration of the boundaries of states
    3. A bill involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India
    4. A constitutional amendment bill
    How many of the above need the prior recommendation or permission of the President for introduction in Parliament?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. COnly three
    4. DAll four
16. 16.

    Match List I with List II:

    List I (President)	List II (Action)
    A. Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1954)	1. Pocket veto on the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill
    B. R. Venkataraman (1991)	2. Returned the cabinet's recommendation for President's Rule in Uttar Pradesh
    C. Zail Singh (1986)	3. Withheld assent to the PEPSU Appropriation Bill
    D. K.R. Narayanan (1997)	4. Withheld assent to the Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Bill

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    1. AA-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
    2. BA-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
    3. CA-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
    4. DA-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
17. 17.

    With reference to the veto powers of the President of India, consider the following statements:
    1. The President has absolute veto, suspensive veto and pocket veto.
    2. Like the American President, the President of India has a qualified veto.
    3. The President has no veto power over a constitutional amendment bill.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    1. A1 and 2 only
    2. B2 and 3 only
    3. C1 and 3 only
    4. D1, 2 and 3
18. 18.

    Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: It is remarked that the pocket of the Indian President is bigger than that of the American President.
    Statement-II: The Indian Constitution prescribes no time-limit for the President's decision on a bill, whereas the American President must return a bill within 10 days.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
    2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
    3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
    4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
19. 19.

    With reference to state bills reserved by the Governor for the President's consideration, consider the following statements:
    1. If the state legislature passes the bill again after it is returned, the President must give assent.
    2. The Constitution does not prescribe any time limit within which the President must decide on such bills.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
20. 20.

    Consider the following statements about the ordinance-making power of the President:
    1. An ordinance can be issued when only one House of Parliament is in session.
    2. An ordinance cannot abridge or take away any Fundamental Right.
    3. An ordinance can be issued to amend the Constitution.
    4. If not approved by Parliament, an ordinance can have a maximum life of six months and six weeks.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. COnly three
    4. DAll four
21. 21.

    In which one of the following cases did the Supreme Court rule that successive repromulgation of ordinances with the same text, without any attempt to get the bills passed by the legislature, violates the Constitution?

    1. ACooper case
    2. BKehar Singh case
    3. CMaru Ram case
    4. DD.C. Wadhwa case
22. 22.

    Comparing the pardoning powers of the President and the Governor, consider the following statements:
    1. The President can pardon sentences inflicted by a court martial, while the Governor cannot.
    2. The Governor can pardon a death sentence awarded under a state law.
    3. The Governor can suspend, remit or commute a death sentence.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B1 and 2 only
    3. C2 and 3 only
    4. D1 and 3 only
23. 23.

    Consider the following principles:
    1. A petitioner for mercy has a right to an oral hearing by the President.
    2. The President can examine the evidence afresh and take a view different from the court's.
    3. The power is to be exercised on the advice of the Union cabinet.
    4. Its exercise is not subject to judicial review except where the decision is irrelevant, irrational, mala fide or discriminatory.
    How many of the above were laid down by the Supreme Court in the Kehar Singh case (1988) regarding the pardoning power?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. COnly three
    4. DAll four
24. 24.

    Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: The 44th Amendment Act (1978) authorised the President to require the council of ministers to reconsider its advice, but the reconsidered advice is binding.
    Statement-II: The 42nd Amendment Act (1976) made the President bound by the advice of the council of ministers.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
    2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
    3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
    4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
25. 25.

    Consider the following situations:
    1. Appointment of the Prime Minister when no party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha
    2. Dismissal of the council of ministers when it cannot prove the confidence of the Lok Sabha
    3. Withholding assent to a constitutional amendment bill
    In which of the above can the President act on situational discretion?

    1. A1 and 2 only
    2. B2 and 3 only
    3. C1 and 3 only
    4. D1, 2 and 3

1. 1.

   UPSC 2022

   Consider the following statements :
   1. A bill amending the Constitution requires a prior recommendation of the President of India.
   2. When a Constitution Amendment Bill is presented to the President of India, it is obligatory for the President of India to give his/her assent.
   3. A Constitution Amendment Bill must be passed by both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha by a special majority and there is no provision for joint sitting.
   Which of the statements given above are correct ?

   1. A1 and 2 only
   2. B2 and 3 only
   3. C1 and 3 only
   4. D1, 2 and 3
2. 2.

   UPSC 2014

   Consider the following statements :
   1. The President shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government of India, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business.
   2. All executive actions of the Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the Prime Minister.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
3. 3.

   UPSC 1997

   Match List I with List II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists:
   List I (Functionaries)
   I. President of India
   II. Judges of the Supreme Court
   III. Members of Parliament
   IV. Ministers for the Union
   List II (Oaths or affirmations)
   A) Secrecy of Information
   B) Faithful Discharge of Duties
   C) Faith and Allegiance to the Constitution of India
   D) Upholding the Constitution and the Law

   1. AI-C, II-D, III-A, IV-B
   2. BI-D, II-C, III-B, IV-A
   3. CI-C, II-D, III-B, IV-A
   4. DI-D, II-C, III-A, IV-B
4. 4.

   UPSC 2024

   With reference to Union Budget, consider the following statements :
   1. The Union Finance Minister on behalf of the Prime Minister lays the Annual Financial Statement before both the Houses of Parliament.
   2. At the Union level, no demand for a grant can be made except on the recommendation of the President of India.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
5. 5.

   UPSC 2024

   With reference to the Parliament of India, consider the following statements :
   1. Prorogation of a House by the President of India does not require the advice of the Council of Ministers.
   2. Prorogation of a House is generally done after the House is adjourned sine die but there is no bar to the President of India prorogating the House which is in session.
   3. Dissolution of the Lok Sabha is done by the President of India who, save in exceptional circumstances, does so on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

   1. A1 only
   2. B1 and 2
   3. C2 and 3
   4. D3 only
6. 6.

   UPSC 2022

   Which of the following is/are the exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha ?
   1. To ratify the declaration of Emergency
   2. To pass a motion of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers
   3. To impeach the President of India
   Select the correct answer using the code given below :

   1. A1 and 2
   2. B2 only
   3. C1 and 3
   4. D3 only
7. 7.

   UPSC 2003

   Which one of the following statements is correct?

   1. AOnly the Rajya Sabha and not the Lok Sabha can have nominated members
   2. BThere is a constitutional provision for nominating two members belonging to the Anglo-Indian community to the Rajya Sabha
   3. CThere is no constitutional bar for a nominated member to be appointed Union minister
   4. DA nominated member can vote both in the Presidential election
8. 8.

   UPSC 1997

   Which one of the following are/is stated in the Constitution of India?
   I. The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament.
   II. The Parliament shall consist of the President and two Houses.
   Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:

   1. ANeither I nor II
   2. BBoth I and II
   3. CI alone
   4. DII alone
9. 9.

   UPSC 2025

   With reference to the Indian polity, consider the following statements :
   I. An Ordinance can amend any Central Act.
   II. An Ordinance can abridge a Fundamental Right.
   III. An Ordinance can come into effect from a back date.
   Which of the statements given above are correct?

   1. AI and II only
   2. BII and III only
   3. CI and III only
   4. DI, II and III
10. 10.

    UPSC 2025

    Consider the following statements with regard to pardoning power of the President of India :
    I. The exercise of this power by the President can be subjected to limited judicial review.
    II. The President can exercise this power without the advice of the Central Government.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. AI only
    2. BII only
    3. CBoth I and II
    4. DNeither I nor II
11. 11.

    UPSC 2023

    Consider the following statements :
    1. If the election of the President of India is declared void by the Supreme Court of India, all acts done by him/her in the performance of duties of his/her office of President before the date of decision become invalid.
    2. Election for the post of the President of India can be postponed on the ground that some Legislative Assemblies have been dissolved and elections are yet to take place.
    3. When a Bill is presented to the President of India, the Constitution prescribes time limits within which he/she has to declare his/her assent.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. CAll three
    4. DNone
12. 12.

    UPSC 2023

    Consider the following statements in respect of election to the President of India :
    1. The members nominated to either House of the Parliament or the Legislative Assemblies of States are also eligible to be included in the Electoral College.
    2. Higher the number of elective Assembly seats, higher is the value of vote of each MLA of that State.
    3. The value of vote of each MLA of Madhya Pradesh is greater than that of Kerala.
    4. The value of vote of each MLA of Puducherry is higher than that of Arunachal Pradesh because the ratio of total population to total number of elective seats in Puducherry is greater as compared to Arunachal Pradesh.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. COnly three
    4. DAll four
13. 13.

    UPSC 2018

    With reference to the election of the President of India, consider the following statements :
    1. The value of the vote of each MLA varies from State to State.
    2. The value of the vote of MPs of the Lok Sabha is more than the value of the vote of MPs of the Rajya Sabha.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
14. 14.

    UPSC 2015

    Consider the following statements :
    1. The Executive Power of the Union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.
    2. The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
15. 15.

    UPSC 2012

    According to the Constitution of India, it is the duty of the President of India to cause to be laid before the Parliament which of the following?
    1. The Recommendations of the Union Finance Commission
    2. The Report of the Public Accounts Committee
    3. The Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General
    4. The Report of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes
    Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 and 4 only
    3. C1, 3 and 4 only
    4. D1, 2, 3 and 4
16. 16.

    UPSC 2009

    Among the following Presidents of India, who was also the Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement for some period?

    1. ADr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
    2. BVarahagiri Venkata Giri
    3. CGiani Zail Singh
    4. DDr. Shankar Dayal Sharma
17. 17.

    UPSC 2003

    Under which Article of the Indian Constitution did the President give his assent to the ordinance on electoral reforms when it was sent back to him by the Union Cabinet without making any changes (in the year 2002)?

    1. AArticle 121
    2. BArticle 122
    3. CArticle 123
    4. DArticle 124
18. 18.

    UPSC 2002

    With reference to Indian Polity, which one of the following statements is correct?

    1. APlanning Commission is accountable to Parliament
    2. BPresident can make ordinance only when either of the two Houses of Parliament is not in session
    3. CThe minimum age prescribed for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court is 40 years
    4. DNational Development Council is constituted of Union Finance Minister and the Chief Ministers of all the States
19. 19.

    UPSC 2002

    Which one of the following amendments to the Indian Constitution empowers the President to send back any matter for reconsideration by the Council of Ministers?

    1. A39th
    2. B40th
    3. C42nd
    4. D44th
20. 20.

    UPSC 2001

    Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
    List I (Article of the Constitution)
    I. Article 54
    II. Article 75
    III. Article 155
    IV. Article 164
    List II (Content)
    A) Election of the President of India
    B) Appointment of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
    C) Appointment of the Governor of a State
    D) Appointment of the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers of a State
    E) Composition of Legislative Assemblies

    1. AI-A, II-B, III-C, IV-D
    2. BI-A, II-B, III-D, IV-E
    3. CI-B, II-A, III-C, IV-E
    4. DI-B, II-A, III-D, IV-C
21. 21.

    UPSC 1997

    In the Presidential election in India, every elected member of the Legislative Assembly of a State shall have as many votes as there are multiples of one thousand in the quotient obtained by dividing the population of the State by the total number of the elected members of the Assembly. As at present (1997) the expression "population" here means the population as ascertained by the

    1. A1991 Census
    2. B1981 Census
    3. C1971 Census
    4. D1961 Census
22. 22.

    UPSC 1996

    Which one of the following is part of the electoral college for the election of the President of India but does not form part of the forum for his impeachment?

    1. ALok Sabha
    2. BRajya Sabha
    3. CState Legislative Councils
    4. DState Legislative Assemblies
23. 23.

    UPSC 2013

    Consider the following statements:
    1. The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha are not the members of that House.
    2. While the nominated members of the two Houses of the Parliament have no voting right in the presidential election, they have the right to vote in the election of the Vice President.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
24. 24.

    UPSC 2008

    Who among the following have held the office of the Vice-President of India?
    1. Mohammad Hidayatullah
    2. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
    3. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
    4. Shankar Dayal Sharma
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    1. A1, 2, 3 and 4
    2. B1 and 4 only
    3. C2 and 3 only
    4. D3 and 4 only
25. 25.

    UPSC 1995

    Which one of the following is not explicitly stated in the Constitution of India but followed as a convention?

    1. AThe Finance Minister is to be a member of the Lower House
    2. BThe Prime Minister has to resign if he loses majority in the Lower House
    3. CAll the parts of India are to be represented in the Council of Ministers
    4. DIn the event of both the President and the Vice-President demitting office simultaneously before the end of their tenure, the Speaker of the Lower House of Parliament will officiate as the President