High Court

1.Introduction

• Place of the High Court in the Judicial SystemImportance 3/5
  Where does the High Court stand in India's single integrated judicial system? Understand its place between the Supreme Court and the subordinate courts, and its position in a state's judiciary.
• Origin of High Courts in IndiaImportance 4/5
  When did High Courts begin in India, and under which Act were the first ones set up? Remember the first three cities, the fourth High Court and its year. Also understand what happened to the provincial High Courts after 1950.
• Common High Court for Two or More StatesImportance 5/5UPSC 4 Years
  Can one High Court serve more than one state? Remember the Amendment that made this possible and the Article that deals with it. Understand how a High Court's territorial jurisdiction relates to the state or states it serves.
• Number of High Courts and Jurisdiction Over Union TerritoriesImportance 5/5UPSC 2001, 2003, 2005
  How many High Courts are there now, and how many of them cover more than one state? Which union territories have their own High Court, and which share one? Also be clear about what Parliament can do about a High Court's jurisdiction over a union territory.
• High Courts: Year, Jurisdiction and SeatImportance 3/5UPSC 2003
  Remember the year each present High Court was constituted, its territorial jurisdiction and its seat (including recently added benches). Give special attention to the oldest and newest ones, those covering more than one state, and those whose seat is not the state capital. Which High Courts have been renamed, and which kept an older name when a city or state was renamed?
• Constitutional Articles on High CourtsImportance 4/5
  Which Part of the Constitution deals with High Courts, and which range of Articles? Remember the main Article for each major provision (courts of record, appointment, oath, transfer, writs, superintendence, common High Court). Also know which related Articles have been repealed.

2.Composition and Appointment

• Composition and Strength of a High CourtImportance 4/5
  Who is in a High Court? Who decides how many judges it has, and on what basis? Does the Constitution itself fix this strength?
• Appointment of Chief Justice and JudgesImportance 5/5UPSC 2013
  Who appoints High Court judges? Whom must the President consult for the Chief Justice of a High Court, and whom for the other judges? Understand this difference, and what changes when the High Court is common to several states.
• Second and Third Judges Cases on AppointmentImportance 5/5
  Remember the names of the Second Judges case (1993) and the Third Judges case (1998). What did each say about the Chief Justice of India's opinion and the collegium in appointing High Court judges? Does the Chief Justice's sole opinion count as 'consultation', and why? Understand what led to the 1998 opinion.
• NJAC and the Fourth Judges CaseImportance 5/5
  What did the 99th Amendment Act and the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act of 2014 try to change? What did the Supreme Court decide in the Fourth Judges case (2015)? Understand the reason it gave, and what happened to the collegium system afterwards.

3.Qualifications, Oath and Salaries

• Qualifications of High Court JudgesImportance 5/5UPSC 2006
  What must a person have to become a High Court judge? Remember the citizenship condition and the two kinds of experience, with the number of years. Is there a minimum age? Can a distinguished jurist be appointed, as in the Supreme Court?
• Oath or Affirmation of High Court JudgesImportance 3/5
  Before whom does a High Court judge take the oath or affirmation? Remember the four things the judge swears to do.
• Salaries, Allowances and Pension of JudgesImportance 3/5UPSC 2002
  Who decides the salaries, allowances, leave and pension of High Court judges? Can they be changed to a judge's disadvantage after appointment, and in which one situation can they? Remember the share of the last drawn salary paid as monthly pension.

4.Tenure, Removal and Transfer

• Tenure of High Court JudgesImportance 5/5UPSC 2001
  Does the Constitution fix a judge's tenure? Remember the retirement age and the Amendment that changed it. Who decides if a judge's age is in doubt, and is that decision final? Learn the ways a judge leaves office: resignation, removal, and two other situations.
• Grounds and Manner of RemovalImportance 5/5UPSC 2007
  On what grounds, and by what kind of majority, can a High Court judge be removed? Understand what 'special majority' means and what must happen in the same session. Is the removal of a High Court judge the same as that of a Supreme Court judge?
• Removal Procedure Under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968Importance 4/5
  Remember the steps of the removal procedure: how many members must sign the motion in each House, what the Speaker or Chairman may do with it, who sits on the three-member committee, and what follows after the committee's finding. Has any High Court judge actually been removed, and how far have recent motions gone?
• Transfer of High Court JudgesImportance 4/5
  Who transfers a High Court judge, and after consulting whom? What extra payment does the judge get? Understand what the Supreme Court said in 1977 about the purpose of a transfer. In 1994, how far did it say a transfer can be challenged in court, on what ground, and by whom? How did the Third Judges case treat consultation for transfers compared with appointments?

5.Acting, Additional and Retired Judges

• Acting Chief JusticeImportance 3/5
  In which three situations can the President appoint a judge as acting Chief Justice of a High Court?
• Additional JudgesImportance 4/5
  When can the President appoint additional judges, and for how long at most? Remember the two grounds and the time limit. Is there an age beyond which an additional judge cannot continue?
• Acting JudgesImportance 3/5
  In which situations is an acting judge appointed? Until when does such a judge hold office? Remember the age limit that applies, as for additional judges.
• Retired Judges at Sittings of High CourtsImportance 3/5
  Who can ask a retired judge to sit again in a High Court, and whose consent is needed? Understand the judge's powers and in what way he or she is still not treated as a judge of that court.

6.Independence of High Court

• Mode of Appointment and Security of TenureImportance 4/5
  Why must a High Court be free from pressure by the executive and the legislature? Understand how consulting the judiciary in appointments and the security of tenure protect this freedom. Why does a judge not hold office at the pleasure of the President, even though the President appoints?
• Fixed Service Conditions and Expenses Charged on the Consolidated FundImportance 5/5UPSC 2002, 2005
  How do fixed service conditions protect a judge, and when can they be changed? Which expenses are charged on the state's Consolidated Fund? Which payment is charged on the Consolidated Fund of India instead? Understand what 'non-votable but open to discussion' means for the state legislature.
• Discussion of Judges' Conduct in LegislaturesImportance 3/5
  Which bodies are barred from discussing the conduct of High Court judges in their duties? In which of these bodies is discussion allowed in one situation, and what is that situation? Does the state legislature have any such exception?
• Ban on Practice After RetirementImportance 4/5UPSC 2006, 2007
  Where may a retired permanent High Court judge plead or act, and where not? Understand why this restriction exists, and how it differs from the position of a retired Supreme Court judge.
• Contempt Power, Staff Appointment and Protected JurisdictionImportance 3/5UPSC 2005
  Understand three more safeguards: the power to punish for contempt, the Chief Justice's freedom to appoint staff and set their service conditions, and protection of the High Court's constitutional jurisdiction from Parliament and state legislatures. What does each one protect?

7.Jurisdiction and Powers of High Court

• Scope and Sources of High Court JurisdictionImportance 4/5UPSC 2009
  Understand how a High Court's jurisdiction continues from the time before the Constitution, and which new area was added. What seven jurisdictions and powers does a High Court have today? Also know what governs them: the Constitution, the Letters Patent, Acts of Parliament and of state legislatures, and the penal and procedure codes.
• Matters Under Original JurisdictionImportance 4/5UPSC 2012
  What does original jurisdiction mean? Remember the kinds of matters a High Court can hear first, including cases moved up from a subordinate court because they need the Constitution to be interpreted.
• Original Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction of Certain High CourtsImportance 3/5
  Which High Courts have original civil jurisdiction in cases of higher value? What happened to original criminal jurisdiction, in which year, and under which law?
• Scope of Writ Jurisdiction Under Article 226Importance 5/5UPSC 1996
  Which five writs can a High Court issue under Article 226? For what purposes? Understand what 'any other purpose' means. Can a High Court issue a writ to someone outside its territory, and when?
• Article 226 Compared with Article 32Importance 5/5
  Is the High Court's writ power exclusive or shared with the Supreme Court? What option does a citizen have when a Fundamental Right is violated? Is the remedy under each Article a right or a matter of discretion, and how far does each court's writ reach? Understand why the High Court's power is wider than the Supreme Court's.
• Chandra Kumar Case and Writ JurisdictionImportance 4/5
  Remember the L. Chandra Kumar case (1997). What did it decide about the writ jurisdiction of High Courts and the Supreme Court? Can that jurisdiction be removed by a constitutional amendment, and why?
• Civil Appellate JurisdictionImportance 4/5
  Be clear about the difference between first appeals and second appeals: on what kinds of questions does each lie? Remember what an intra-court appeal is and where it goes. Where do decisions of tribunals under Articles 323A and 323B go for review? Understand what the 1997 ruling means for someone who wants to approach the Supreme Court against such a tribunal, and which tribunals it does not cover.
• Criminal Appellate JurisdictionImportance 3/5
  Which criminal convictions can be appealed to the High Court? Does this depend on the trial court (a sessions court or another) and the length of sentence? Is a death sentence confirmed by the High Court even if the convicted person does not appeal? These rules are now in the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023, which replaced the CrPC. Can some appeals from magistrates also reach the High Court?
• Powers of Superintendence Over Courts and TribunalsImportance 4/5
  Over which courts and tribunals does a High Court have the power of superintendence, and which are excluded? Remember the four things it may do under this power.
• Breadth and Limits of Supervisory JurisdictionImportance 3/5
  What are the four features that make this power so broad (including action on its own)? Why is it called an extraordinary power? Remember the six situations in which it is usually used.
• Administrative Control Over the Subordinate JudiciaryImportance 4/5
  What is the High Court's role in appointing, posting and promoting district judges? How does this differ for the other members of the state judicial service? Who handles their posting, promotion, leave, transfer and discipline?
• Withdrawal of Cases and Binding Effect of High Court LawImportance 3/5
  When can a High Court withdraw a case from a subordinate court, and what two things can it then do? Understand why the law declared by a High Court binds the subordinate courts in its territory, as Supreme Court law binds all courts.
• Meaning and Powers of a Court of RecordImportance 4/5
  What two powers does a High Court have as a court of record? Understand why its records carry evidential value and count as precedent, and what its contempt power is meant to protect.
• Contempt of Court Under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971Importance 4/5UPSC 1997
  Does the Constitution define contempt of court? Which Act does, and what two types does it recognise? Can a High Court punish contempt of a subordinate court? Remember the exception when the act is also an offence under the penal code.
• Power to Review Its Own JudgementsImportance 3/5UPSC 2021
  Can a High Court review its own judgement? Understand where this power comes from, and how that differs from the Supreme Court's power of review.
• Meaning and Basis of Judicial Review by High CourtsImportance 5/5
  What is judicial review, and what does 'ultra vires' mean? Which Articles give a High Court this power, though the phrase itself is not used in the Constitution? Remember the three grounds on which a law or an executive order can be challenged.
• Judicial Review Under the 42nd and 43rd AmendmentsImportance 4/5UPSC 2019
  What did the 42nd Amendment (1976) do to the High Courts' power of judicial review over central laws? What did the 43rd Amendment (1977) do? Also know which Articles inserted for this purpose, covering central and state laws, were later repealed.

1. 1.

   With reference to the composition of high courts, consider the following statements:
   1. The chief justice of a high court is appointed by the President after consultation with the chief justice of India and the governor of the state.
   2. The Constitution specifies the strength of each high court.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
2. 2.

   Consider the following statements about appointment as a high court judge:
   1. A person should have held a judicial office for ten years or been a high court advocate for ten years.
   2. A distinguished jurist can be appointed as a high court judge.
   3. The Constitution prescribes no minimum age.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 only
   2. B1 and 3 only
   3. C2 and 3 only
   4. D1, 2 and 3
3. 3.

   Consider the following statements:
   Statement-I: In 2015, the Supreme Court declared the 99th Constitutional Amendment and the NJAC Act unconstitutional, reviving the collegium system.
   Statement-II: The Court held that the NJAC would affect the independence of the judiciary.
   Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

   1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
   2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
   3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
   4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
4. 4.

   With reference to the tenure of a high court judge, consider the following statements:
   1. Any question about a judge's age is decided by the chief justice of India alone.
   2. A judge resigns by writing to the chief justice of India.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
5. 5.

   Consider the following statements about the removal of a high court judge:
   1. A judge is removed in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Supreme Court judge.
   2. The address for removal must be supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament.
   3. The inquiry committee includes a distinguished jurist.
   4. Several high court judges have been impeached so far.
   How many of the above statements are correct?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. COnly three
   4. DAll four
6. 6.

   With reference to the transfer of high court judges, consider the following statements:
   1. The President transfers a judge after consulting the Prime Minister.
   2. Any person can challenge the transfer of a judge in court.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
7. 7.

   Consider the following pairs:

   Appointment	Provision
   1. Acting chief justice	When the office of chief justice of the high court is vacant
   2. Additional judges	For a temporary period not exceeding two years, for a temporary increase in business or arrears
   3. Acting judges	Can hold office beyond 62 years until the permanent judge resumes

   How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. CAll three
   4. DNone
8. 8.

   Consider the following statements about provisions safeguarding the independence of high courts:
   1. The administrative expenses of a high court are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the state.
   2. The conduct of high court judges cannot be discussed in a legislature except when an impeachment motion is under consideration.
   3. Retired permanent judges of a high court cannot plead in any court in India, including the Supreme Court.
   4. The chief justice of a high court can appoint its officers and servants without executive interference.
   How many of the above statements are correct?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. COnly three
   4. DAll four
9. 9.

   Consider the following statements:
   Statement-I: The writ jurisdiction of a high court is wider than that of the Supreme Court.
   Statement-II: The Supreme Court can issue writs only for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights, while a high court can also issue them for any other purpose.
   Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

   1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
   2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
   3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
   4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
10. 10.

    With reference to the writ jurisdiction of high courts, consider the following statements:
    1. It is exclusive and not concurrent with the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
    2. A high court can issue writs outside its territorial jurisdiction if the cause of action arises within it.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
11. 11.

    Consider the following:
    1. Disputes relating to the election of members of Parliament and state legislatures
    2. Revenue matters
    3. Enforcement of fundamental rights of citizens
    4. Second appeals from district courts on questions of law
    How many of the above fall within the original jurisdiction of a high court?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. COnly three
    4. DAll four
12. 12.

    With reference to the appellate jurisdiction of high courts, consider the following statements:
    1. Second appeals from district courts lie to the high court on questions of fact only.
    2. An aggrieved person can approach the Supreme Court directly against tribunal decisions without first going to the high court.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
13. 13.

    With reference to the supervisory jurisdiction of a high court, consider the following statements:
    1. It extends to military courts and tribunals in its territory.
    2. It can be exercised suo motu, not necessarily on the application of a party.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
14. 14.

    With reference to a high court's control over subordinate courts, consider the following statements:
    1. It deals with the posting, promotion, leave, transfers and discipline of members of the state judicial service other than district judges.
    2. It can withdraw a case from a subordinate court if it involves a substantial question of law requiring interpretation of the Constitution.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
15. 15.

    With reference to a high court as a court of record, consider the following statements:
    1. It can review and correct its own judgement, even though the Constitution confers no specific power of review on it.
    2. The expression 'contempt of court' is defined in the Constitution.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
16. 16.

    Match List I with List II:

    List I (High Court)	List II (Territorial jurisdiction)
    A. Gauhati	1. Kerala and Lakshadweep
    B. Bombay	2. Tamil Nadu and Puducherry
    C. Madras	3. Maharashtra, Goa, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
    D. Kerala	4. Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    1. AA-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
    2. BA-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
    3. CA-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
    4. DA-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
17. 17.

    The Andaman and Nicobar Islands fall under the jurisdiction of which High Court?

    1. AMadras High Court
    2. BKerala High Court
    3. CAndhra Pradesh High Court
    4. DCalcutta High Court
18. 18.

    Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: The writ jurisdiction of high courts cannot be ousted even by a constitutional amendment.
    Statement-II: In the L. Chandra Kumar case (1997), the Supreme Court held the writ jurisdiction of the high courts and the Supreme Court to be part of the basic structure.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
    2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
    3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
    4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
19. 19.

    With reference to the judicial review power of high courts, consider the following statements:
    1. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 debarred high courts from considering the constitutional validity of central laws, and the 44th Amendment Act restored the position.
    2. Articles 13 and 226 explicitly confer the power of judicial review on a high court.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
20. 20.

    With reference to the appointment of high court judges, consider the following statements:
    1. In the Second Judges case (1993), the Supreme Court ruled that no high court judge can be appointed unless it conforms with the opinion of the chief justice of India.
    2. In the Third Judges case (1998), it held that for high court appointments the CJI should consult a collegium of two senior-most Supreme Court judges.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2

1. 1.

   UPSC 2009

   Consider the following statements :
   1. The Advocate General of a State in India is appointed by the President of India upon the recommendation of the Governor of the concerned State.
   2. As provided in Civil Procedure Code, High Courts have original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction at the State level.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
2. 2.

   UPSC 2013

   Which one of the following statements is correct?

   1. AIn India, the same person cannot be appointed as Governor for two or more States at the same time
   2. BThe Judges of the High Court of the States in India are appointed by the Governor of the State just as the Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President
   3. CNo procedure has been laid down in the Constitution of India for the removal of a Governor from his/her post
   4. DIn the case of a Union Territory having a legislative setup, the Chief Minister is appointed by the Lt. Governor on the basis of majority support
3. 3.

   UPSC 2019

   With reference to the Constitution of India, consider the following statements :
   1. No High Court shall have the jurisdiction to declare any central law to be constitutionally invalid.
   2. An amendment to the Constitution of India cannot be called into question by the Supreme Court of India.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
4. 4.

   UPSC 2008

   How many High Courts in India have jurisdiction over more than one State (Union Territories not included)?

   1. A2
   2. B3
   3. C4
   4. D5
5. 5.

   UPSC 2007

   Consider the following statements:
   1. The mode of removal of a Judge of a High Court in India is the same as that of removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court.
   2. After retirement from office, a permanent Judge of a High Court cannot plead or act in any court or before any authority in India.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
6. 6.

   UPSC 2006

   Assertion (A): In India, every State has a High Court in its territory.
   Reason (R): The Constitution of India provides for a High Court in each State.

   1. ABoth A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
   2. BBoth A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A
   3. CA is true but R is false
   4. DA is false but R is true
7. 7.

   UPSC 2006

   Consider the following statements:
   1. A person who has held office as a permanent Judge of a High Court cannot plead or act in any court or before any authority in India except the Supreme Court.
   2. A person is not qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court in India unless he has for at least five years held a judicial office in the territory of India.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
8. 8.

   UPSC 2005

   Consider the following statements :
   1. There are 25 High Courts in India
   2. Punjab, Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh have a common High Court.
   3. National Capital Territory of Delhi has a High Court of its own.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A2 and 3
   2. B1 and 2
   3. C1, 2 and 3
   4. D3 only
9. 9.

   UPSC 2003

   Which one of the following High Courts has the territorial jurisdiction over Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

   1. AAndhra Pradesh
   2. BCalcutta
   3. CMadras
   4. DOrissa
10. 10.

    UPSC 2002

    The salaries and allowances of the Judges of the High Court are charged on the

    1. AConsolidated Fund of India
    2. BConsolidated Fund of the State
    3. CContingency Fund of India
    4. DContingency Fund of the State
11. 11.

    UPSC 2001

    Consider the following statements regarding the High Courts in India:
    I. There are eighteen High Courts in the country.
    II. Three of them have jurisdiction over more than one State.
    III. No Union Territory has a High Court of its own.
    IV. Judges of the High Court hold office till the age of 62.
    Which of these statements is/are correct?

    1. AI, II and IV
    2. BII and III
    3. CI and IV
    4. DIV only
12. 12.

    UPSC 1996

    When the Chief Justice of a High Court acts in an administrative capacity, he is subject to

    1. Athe writ jurisdiction of any of the other judges of the High Court
    2. Bspecial control exercised by the Chief Justice of India
    3. Cdiscretionary powers of the Governor of the state
    4. Dspecial powers provided to the Chief Minister in this regard
13. 13.

    UPSC 2021

    With reference to Indian judiciary, consider the following statements :
    1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with prior permission of the President of India.
    2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
14. 14.

    UPSC 2012

    Which of the following are included in the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
    1. A dispute between the Government of India and one or more States
    2. A dispute regarding elections to either House of the Parliament or that of Legislature of a State
    3. A dispute between the Government of India and a Union Territory
    4. A dispute between two or more States
    Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

    1. A1 and 2
    2. B2 and 3
    3. C1 and 4
    4. D3 and 4
15. 15.

    UPSC 2005

    Consider the following statements:
    1. The Parliament cannot enlarge the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India as its jurisdiction is limited to that conferred by the Constitution.
    2. The officers and servants of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the concerned Chief Justice and the administrative expenses are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
16. 16.

    UPSC 1997

    Assertion (A): Willful disobedience or non-compliance of Court Orders and use of derogatory language about judicial behaviour amounts to Contempt of Court.
    Reason (R): Judicial activism cannot be practised without arming the judiciary with punitive powers to punish contemptuous behaviour.
    In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct?

    1. ABoth A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. BBoth A and R are true, but R is not a correct explanation of A
    3. CA is true, but R is false
    4. DA is false, but R is true