Infrastructure

1.Public Private Partnership and Investment Models

• Meaning and Characteristics of InfrastructureImportance 3/5UPSC 1999
  What counts as infrastructure, and what are its three broad kinds? Understand why it is called a shared, long-lived input that is not tied to one use or one user, and why its public-good traits and network effects justify a role for the State. How does India define infrastructure for official purposes?
• Infrastructure Investment, Crowding In and GrowthImportance 3/5
  Understand how public spending on infrastructure affects the economy in the short run and in the long run. What is meant by crowding in? Also think about why the government built all infrastructure itself before 1991, and why it later sought private help.
• Meaning of Public Private PartnershipImportance 4/5
  Does buying construction material from a private firm make a road project a PPP? What role must the private party have? Remember the official definition of the Department of Economic Affairs (note the mention of user charges) and how it compares with those of the OECD, IMF and EIB. How is the private partner chosen?
• Concession Agreement and Sharing of RisksImportance 3/5
  Understand the concession agreement as the document that guides a PPP project for its whole life. On what principle are risks shared between government and private party? Know the usual split of responsibilities and how a demand guarantee works.
• Stages of a PPP ProjectImportance 1/5
  Remember the four stages of a PPP project in order, and the main task of each stage.
• Rationale for PPP and Conditions for Its SuccessImportance 3/5
  Why did governments adopt PPPs? Understand the roles of private finance, efficiency (value for money) and fiscal pressure. Which conditions decide whether a PPP succeeds? Think about why private telecom is called a success while PPP forms a small share of infrastructure overall.
• Criticisms of PPPImportance 3/5
  Learn the main criticisms of PPP. What is meant by cherry picking of projects, and by "buy now, pay later"? Why did the government have to step in at the Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project? Why is it argued that the State can borrow more cheaply than a private player?
• Challenges in India's PPP Framework and the Kelkar CommitteeImportance 4/5
  Why have many Indian PPP projects become financially stressed? Understand the five design flaws: how bids were decided, how traffic risk was placed, who handled clearances and land, the lack of a way to renegotiate, and reckless bidding. How did this affect bank NPAs? Know what the Kelkar Committee (2015) recommended to revive PPPs.
• Engineering Procurement Construction (EPC) ContractsImportance 3/5
  Know what an EPC contractor does from start to finish, and what the client's Project Management Team is for. Is EPC a PPP? Be clear about who pays for the work and who maintains the asset afterwards.
• Cost-Plus ModelImportance 1/5
  How does cost-plus pricing work, and when is it used? What is its main drawback from the point of view of the buyer?
• BOT, BOOT and DBFOTImportance 4/5
  How do BOT, BOOT and DBFOT differ in who owns the asset, who designs it and who finances it? Understand why private firms prefer BOOT to BOT. Know the Delhi-Noida Direct Flyway as an early BOOT project.
• Special Purpose VehiclesImportance 3/5
  Understand what a Special Purpose Vehicle is and under which law it is formed. Why do lenders find it safer than an ordinary company? Know where SPVs are used: PPP projects, the Dedicated Freight Corridor company and Smart Cities.
• EPC, BOT-Toll and BOT-Annuity in HighwaysImportance 4/5
  Compare the three highway models. What do bidders compete on in each? Who bears the traffic and commercial risk in each? Why did private interest in the annuity model fade?
• Hybrid Annuity ModelImportance 4/5
  Why was the Hybrid Annuity Model brought in? How is payment divided between the construction period and the operation period? Understand which risks the private party keeps and which it does not. Know its use outside roads, such as sewage treatment under Namami Gange.
• Toll-Operate-Transfer ModelImportance 3/5
  How does the Toll-Operate-Transfer model work, and what decides the winning bid? Why does NHAI use it for roads that are already built, and what is done with the money it raises?
• Viability Gap FundingImportance 4/5
  What is Viability Gap Funding under the Department of Economic Affairs scheme, and which kind of project deserves it? Understand how the winning bidder is chosen. Know the limits on support from the Centre and the sponsoring authority, as a share of project cost, and whether the scheme is still valid. Do not mix it up with the separate, sector-specific VGF in UDAN, freight corridors and seaplane services.
• Public Private Partnership Appraisal CommitteeImportance 2/5
  Know the role of the Public Private Partnership Appraisal Committee in reviewing central-sector PPP projects.
• India Infrastructure Project Development Fund and Other PPP Support ToolsImportance 1/5
  Remember what the India Infrastructure Project Development Fund pays for. Also know the other tools that help in structuring PPP projects and managing their contracts.

2.Roads

• Share of Road Transport and Recent Highway GrowthImportance 2/5
  What share of the country's freight and passenger traffic does road transport carry? Understand the direction of recent road spending and highway growth. Know the current figures and what drives them.
• National Highways Development ProgrammeImportance 2/5
  When, and under which Prime Minister, was the National Highways Development Programme launched? Know its phase-wise design, and what happens to its unfinished part under Bharatmala.
• Bharatmala PariyojanaImportance 4/5
  Remember what Bharatmala is meant to achieve and its main components, from economic corridors to greenfield expressways. Which agencies implement it, and which ministry is nodal? Be clear about the difference between greenfield and brownfield projects.
• Funding of Bharatmala and the Central Road and Infrastructure FundImportance 2/5
  How is Bharatmala funded? Know the main sources, including the Central Road and Infrastructure Fund, and how that fund raises its money.

3.Railways

• Role of Railways in the Economy and Its Advantages Over RoadImportance 2/5
  How have railways helped to bring markets and the country together? Understand why the railways' share in the economy fell, and why rail is seen as better than road in energy use and social cost.
• Railway Investment Multiplier: Backward and Forward LinkagesImportance 3/5
  What are the backward and forward linkages of railway investment? Know an example of each. Which of the two effects has weakened over time, and why? Understand the idea of the combined multiplier.
• Railway Capital Expenditure, Electrification and Flagship ProjectsImportance 2/5
  Know the flagship rail projects: Vande Bharat trains, the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail and the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme. Understand the recent rise in railway capital spending and the progress of electrification. Know the current figures.
• High-Speed Rail: Approach and Planned CorridorsImportance 3/5
  What is high-speed rail, and what speed range and components define it? How does upgrading existing routes (as with Train 18) differ from building new high-speed corridors? Know the Mumbai-Ahmedabad line and the new corridors announced in the Union Budget 2026-27.
• Advantages and Criticism of High-Speed RailImportance 3/5
  Be clear about the advantages of high-speed rail over air travel and for regional growth, and about the criticisms of cost, losses and affordability. How do supporters reply by calling it a nation-building project?
• Eastern and Western Dedicated Freight Corridors: Routes and FundingImportance 4/5
  Where does each of the Eastern and Western Dedicated Freight Corridors start and end as built, and which states do they pass through? Which lender funded which section? What is the completion status of each? Know the new Dankuni-to-Surat freight corridor announced in the Union Budget 2026-27.
• DFCCIL and Operating Features of DFCsImportance 3/5
  What is DFCCIL, and what does it own and run? Who pays the access charge, and to whom? Understand how DFCs make freight faster and free the existing tracks for passenger trains, with double-stack container trains and multimodal logistics parks along the corridors.
• PPP Model in Dedicated Freight CorridorsImportance 2/5
  Understand how a DFC section is built on PPP. Who handles land and clearances, who builds and maintains the track, and how is freight shared? When is the partner chosen on lowest Viability Gap Funding, and when on highest premium?
• FDI in Railway InfrastructureImportance 3/5
  Which parts of the railways are open to foreign direct investment under the automatic route, and which are not? What special condition applies to FDI beyond 49% in security-sensitive areas? Understand why the sector needs outside capital.
• Bibek Debroy Committee on Railway ReformsImportance 3/5
  What did the Bibek Debroy Committee propose for the organisation of the railways? How would private trains run, and what would a regulator do? What would happen to the Railway Board? Learn which proposals have actually been carried out.
• Models for Railway Station RedevelopmentImportance 3/5
  Learn the models used for redeveloping railway stations. How does the Swiss Challenge method work? Know Rani Kamlapati (formerly Habibganj) in Bhopal as a PPP example, the later shift to EPC for three large stations, and the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme.
• Rail Development AuthorityImportance 3/5
  Why was an independent rail regulator proposed? Understand the problem of passenger fares and freight cross-subsidy behind it. What functions was the Rail Development Authority meant to perform? Was its role advisory or binding, and was it ever set up? Know its present status.

4.Ports and Sagarmala

• Economic Role of Ports and Major Versus Minor PortsImportance 4/5UPSC 1999, 2009, 2026
  Understand how ports support jobs, value addition and lower logistics costs. How do major and minor ports differ, and who controls each? Know the current number of major ports, the recent trend in port capacity and India's ranking for international shipments.
• PPP in Major PortsImportance 3/5
  How did private companies enter major ports? Know what the 1996 guidelines set out: the basis of bidding, the contract period and the models used. Which port saw the first PPP terminal? Understand the difference between a port and a terminal.
• Major Port Authorities Act, 2021Importance 4/5
  Which older law did the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 replace? Know its main features: the port authority boards, PPP agreements and who fixes tariffs. Understand how far the Act allows private operators to run ports.
• Indian Ports Act, 2025Importance 3/5
  What does the Indian Ports Act, 2025 replace? Understand the roles of the statutory Maritime State Development Council (MSDC) at the Centre and the State Maritime Boards, and how port disputes are settled. How does its scope differ from that of the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021?
• Sagarmala: Background, Vision and ObjectivesImportance 4/5UPSC 2026
  What problems of port connectivity and industry location is Sagarmala meant to solve? Know its vision for logistics cost and what port-led development means. Understand India's natural maritime advantages, including the revised length of the coastline and why it changed. Has Sagarmala 2.0 been approved, or only proposed?
• Pillars of SagarmalaImportance 4/5UPSC 2026
  Remember the pillars of Sagarmala as the programme describes them now, and a main element under each.
• Coastal Economic ZonesImportance 3/5
  What is a Coastal Economic Zone, and how are industrial clusters placed within one? How many are planned? Understand how they link to the industrial corridors.
• Modal Mix and the Cost Advantage of WaterwaysImportance 3/5
  Why is India's transport mix so heavy on roads? Compare the cost of moving cargo by waterway, rail and road. Understand what the multimodal optimisation model under Sagarmala tries to do.
• Sagarmala Development Company and ImplementationImportance 2/5
  What role did the Sagarmala Development Company have in supporting Sagarmala projects, and what has it become? What does it do now? Also know what part State governments play.
• Sagarmala Seaplane ServicesImportance 2/5
  How do seaplane services work on a hub-and-spoke basis? What do they use instead of a runway and terminal? Know the Seaplane Viability Gap Funding scheme in the Union Budget 2026-27.
• Inland Waterways Authority of India and National WaterwaysImportance 4/5
  Remember the role of the Inland Waterways Authority of India. Which river systems and stretches do National Waterways 1 to 4 cover, including the full extent of National Waterway 4? Know the National Waterways Act, 2016 and how many waterways it declared. What are the benefits of inland water transport?
• New National Waterways and the Coastal Cargo Promotion SchemeImportance 3/5
  Know what the Union Budget 2026-27 announced for new National Waterways and for coastal shipping. Understand the Coastal Cargo Promotion Scheme and the target set for 2047 for the share of waterways and coastal shipping in cargo movement. Also know the Coastal Shipping Act, 2025.

5.Airports

• Airports Authority of IndiaImportance 4/5UPSC 2003, 2005
  Under which law was the Airports Authority of India set up, and which ministry does it work under? Understand its tasks on the ground and in airspace. What did the 2003 amendment make possible?
• AERA and the Regulation of Airport TariffsImportance 4/5
  Which airports does the Airports Economic Regulatory Authority regulate? What passenger threshold makes an airport "major"? Know the Act under which AERA was set up and its year. Be clear about who sets tariffs at other airports, and how the 2019 amendment treated tariffs that were part of the bid document.
• Revenue Sharing Model and the Delhi Airport CaseImportance 3/5
  How does the revenue sharing model work in airport PPPs? Understand the Delhi airport case: the joint venture (DIAL), the Operation Management Development Agreement and the State Support Agreement. Why is it revenue sharing and not profit sharing? Which other airports were awarded on revenue sharing? How do the greenfield Bengaluru and Hyderabad concessions differ from the Delhi and Mumbai restructurings?
• Per Passenger Fee Model of Airport PPPImportance 2/5
  How does the per passenger fee model differ from revenue sharing? Know what bidders compete on, and the Noida International Airport as an example of this model.
• UDAN: Objectives and the Aviation MultiplierImportance 4/5
  Why was UDAN, the Regional Connectivity Scheme, launched? Know its objectives, and the output and employment multipliers of aviation that justify it. Which kinds of airports does it target?
• Fare Cap, Concessions and Viability Gap Funding Under UDANImportance 3/5
  UDAN works in two parts. How does the fare cap work, and what do airlines get in return? Understand the role of Viability Gap Funding and of concessions from the Centre and the States. What did Modified UDAN (2026) change in its period, components and the length of VGF support?
• Regional Connectivity Fund and Selection of OperatorsImportance 2/5
  How is the Regional Connectivity Fund built up, and how do the Centre and States share the burden? Which flights contribute through a levy? How are operators chosen for a route, and for how long do they operate it alone?

6.Power, Oil and Gas

• Structure of the Power Sector and Installed Capacity MixImportance 4/5UPSC 4 Years
  Who runs generation, transmission and distribution: the Centre, the States or private players? Understand the mix of installed capacity by source and the rise of renewables. Do both large and small hydro count as renewable energy? Know the size limit for small hydro.
• Problems of Power Distribution CompaniesImportance 4/5
  Why do DISCOMs struggle financially even when power is in surplus? Understand how State ownership, tariff control, free power for some consumers and cross-subsidy hurt their finances. What are AT&C losses, and why do they matter?
• UDAY and the Revamped Distribution Sector SchemeImportance 4/5UPSC 2006, 2016
  What was UDAY (2015) meant to fix? Understand how the Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme gives aid to DISCOMs and what it links that aid to. What role does smart metering play? Know the scheme's original period and loss-reduction target, and whether it has been extended or replaced.
• Electricity Act, 2003 and Proposed AmendmentsImportance 4/5UPSC 2002, 2006, 2019
  Know what the Electricity Act, 2003 governs. Understand the changes suggested in earlier amendment Bills, such as delicensing of distribution and direct benefit transfer of subsidy, and what the Draft Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2025 proposes on shared networks, cross-subsidy and a new Electricity Council. Where do these Bills stand now?
• Open Access and Cross-Subsidy SurchargeImportance 3/5
  Understand open access in electricity. Why does the cross-subsidy surcharge exist, and why does it hold back a single national power market? What are power exchanges for? Who may use open access at present, including under the Green Energy Open Access Rules, 2022?
• Unified National Grid and Green Energy CorridorImportance 3/5
  How is power moved between regions through the unified national grid? What is the Green Energy Corridor meant to do for renewable power?
• Saubhagya and Household ElectrificationImportance 3/5UPSC 2002, 2008
  Know the aim of the Saubhagya scheme and when it began. Also know its progress in household electrification.
• Nuclear Power and the SHANTI Act, 2025Importance 4/5
  What did the SHANTI Act, 2025 change for nuclear power, and are its provisions in force? Which two earlier laws did it repeal? Who may now be licensed to build and run nuclear plants, and which activities stay with the State? Learn the changes in operator liability, supplier recourse and the status of the AERB.
• Non-Fossil Capacity Targets and ProgressImportance 4/5
  Be clear about India's 2030 non-fossil target: is it about installed capacity or about energy generated? What milestone was reached early, in 2025? What non-fossil target does India's NDC set for 2035? How does the COP26 pledge's wording differ from the NDC's capacity wording?
• Renewable Energy Certificates and Renewable Purchase ObligationsImportance 4/5
  What is a Renewable Energy Certificate, and what does one certificate stand for? Which entities carry Renewable Purchase Obligations, and how can they meet them (own renewable power, purchase, certificates)? Understand how the two are linked. How have the obligations on designated consumers under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 changed this system? Know the non-fossil purchase obligation proposed in the Draft Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2025.
• Solar Power SchemesImportance 3/5UPSC 2017
  Know what each of these solar schemes targets: PM-KUSUM, PM Surya Ghar, the Solar Parks Scheme, the CPSU Scheme Phase-II, the production-linked incentive for solar modules and the off-grid scheme for PVTGs.
• National Green Hydrogen Mission and Energy StorageImportance 3/5
  Know what the National Green Hydrogen Mission aims for in hydrogen production and linked renewable capacity. Why do renewables need energy storage? What are pumped storage projects?
• Other Clean Energy and Efficiency InitiativesImportance 2/5
  Learn the purpose of each of these initiatives: UJALA, the Street Lighting Programme, SAMARTH, One Sun One World One Grid and the Bio Energy Programme.
• Tariffs of Renewable Power Compared with Other SourcesImportance 1/5
  Why have renewable power tariffs fallen in recent years? How do they compare with thermal power tariffs at present?
• Cess on CoalImportance 2/5
  Understand what happened to the clean energy cess on coal and how it links to the GST compensation cess. What is the position after the recent GST rate changes?
• From NELP to HELP and Open Acreage LicensingImportance 4/5UPSC 2004
  Understand what the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) changed from the New Exploration and Licensing Policy (NELP). Learn its main ideas: a uniform licence, Open Acreage Licensing, freedom in pricing and marketing, and graded royalty for offshore blocks. What does the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Act, 2025 change for leases and penalties?
• Profit Sharing Versus Revenue Sharing ContractsImportance 3/5
  Why does revenue sharing need no audit of costs, and why is it riskier for investors than profit sharing? Understand where else the same logic is used, in airports and coal.
• India's Energy Consumption and Oil ProductionImportance 2/5
  Where does India stand among the world's energy consumers, and how does per capita use compare with the world average? What is the trend in domestic oil production, and what does it mean for imports? Know the current figures.
• Kirit Parikh Committee on Gas PricingImportance 3/5
  Remember what the Kirit Parikh Committee was asked to do on gas pricing. How did it treat old (APM) fields and difficult fields such as deep water, in terms of floor and ceiling prices and pricing freedom? What has the Government actually adopted?

7.Urban Infrastructure

• Role of Cities in Economic GrowthImportance 3/5UPSC 2017
  Why are cities seen as drivers of growth? Understand agglomeration economies, and how congestion and weak urban infrastructure reduce these gains.
• Meaning of a Smart City and Its Four PillarsImportance 3/5
  Is there one accepted definition of a smart city? Know the four pillars of a city's ecosystem and an example under each.
• Smart Cities Mission and Area-Based DevelopmentImportance 4/5
  When was the Smart Cities Mission launched, and what does it aim for? Understand its two approaches: area-based development, with its three models (retrofitting, redevelopment and greenfield), and pan-city projects. Know the Mission's end date.
• Smart City SPV and FinancingImportance 3/5
  How is a Smart City SPV set up and owned? Know who holds its equity, who leads it and who sits on its board. How are projects financed beyond the central and State grants?
• AMRUT and AMRUT 2.0Importance 4/5
  Know what AMRUT covers and which urban reforms are tied to it. How many cities does it target? Understand what AMRUT 2.0 aims at for water supply, and what it aims at for sewerage and reuse of treated water, and in which towns. Has the mission been extended beyond 2025-26?
• Smart Cities Mission Versus AMRUTImportance 3/5
  How do the Smart Cities Mission and AMRUT differ in approach and in the number of cities they cover? How are the two linked?
• Objectives of the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016Importance 3/5
  What problems in the housing market did the Act aim to fix? Understand why buyers and developers stand on unequal ground, and what delays in projects have to do with it.
• Salient Features of RERAImportance 4/5
  Remember the main features of RERA: the regulators and appellate tribunals, which projects must register, the disclosures, the definition of carpet area, the separate account for buyers' money, the consent needed to change plans, and the refund and penalty provisions.
• Shortcomings of the Real Estate ActImportance 2/5
  Learn the main criticisms of the Act. Think about approvals required before launch, penalties when the government causes the delay, single-window clearance and black money.
• Urban Challenge FundImportance 3/5
  Know the purpose of the Urban Challenge Fund approved in 2026, the condition on raising money from the market, and the period it runs for.
• City Economic RegionsImportance 2/5
  Understand the idea of City Economic Regions in the Union Budget 2026-27. How are the regions chosen, and how is funding tied to reforms and results?
• Metro Rail, RRTS and Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)Importance 2/5
  Know the aims of Metro Rail and the Regional Rapid Transit System. What does Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) aim for in sanitation and waste?

8.Infrastructure Finance

• Public Capital Expenditure on InfrastructureImportance 3/5
  Understand what the Centre's capital expenditure includes besides spending by departments, and how the Centre supports State capital spending. Know the recent direction of public capital expenditure in the Union Budget and why public spending leads infrastructure building today.
• Private and Market Sources of Infrastructure FinanceImportance 3/5
  Beyond the government, where does infrastructure money come from? Understand why bank funding is limited for long-lived projects, and how stressed loans make it harder. Know the role of external commercial borrowing, capital markets, REITs and InvITs.
• Infrastructure Risk Guarantee FundImportance 2/5
  The Union Budget 2026-27 announced an Infrastructure Risk Guarantee Fund. Which stages of a project does it cover, and who benefits from its guarantees?
• National Investment and Infrastructure FundImportance 4/5UPSC 2017
  Know the structure of the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund: the year it was set up, its legal form, its SEBI category and the Government's share of ownership. Why is it called a quasi-sovereign wealth fund? Where does it get money, and where does it invest?
• National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and DevelopmentImportance 4/5
  Under which law was the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development set up, and who regulates it? Know its role as a development finance institution. How does its role differ from that of NIIF?
• National Infrastructure PipelineImportance 4/5
  For which period does the National Infrastructure Pipeline plan investment, and which Task Force prepared it? Know the funding split among the Centre, the States and the private sector, and the leading sectors, in the Task Force's final report. How do they differ from the first release? Why does it cover both economic and social infrastructure? What followed the pipeline's period?
• NIP Task Force RecommendationsImportance 2/5
  What changes did the Task Force seek in bond markets, settlement of disputes, PPP contracts and enforcement of contracts?
• National Monetisation Pipeline as a Source of Infrastructure FinanceImportance 3/5
  How does the National Monetisation Pipeline help fund the NIP? Understand why only brownfield assets are included and why ownership stays with the Government. Know the methods used: TOT, InvITs, O&M concessions and airport leases. Does monetisation raise tariffs?
• Principle of Value Capture FinanceImportance 3/5
  Why does public investment raise the value of nearby land and buildings? Understand how Value Capture Finance lets the government recover part of that gain and use it again for projects.
• Tools of Value Capture FinanceImportance 3/5
  Be clear about how each of these tools works and how they differ: a premium for extra Floor Area Ratio, land pooling, Transfer of Development Rights and fees for change of land use.

9.Logistics

• Logistics and Multimodal TransportImportance 2/5
  Remember how logistics is defined and what it covers. What is multimodal transport, and what is the role of a Multimodal Transport Operator?
• Logistics Costs and Challenges in IndiaImportance 4/5
  Know the latest official estimate of logistics cost as a share of GDP, and why it differs from the older figure that was widely quoted. Understand why high logistics costs hurt export competitiveness. What pushes costs up, such as unorganised trucking, rail freight tariffs and port delays?
• Multimodal Logistics Parks: Functions and AdvantagesImportance 3/5
  What does a Multimodal Logistics Park offer? Understand how hub-and-spoke movement works through aggregation and disaggregation, and how it lowers transport and inventory costs.
• Multimodal Logistics Park ProgrammeImportance 2/5
  How many Multimodal Logistics Parks does the Centre plan? Where is the first one?
• PM Gati Shakti National Master PlanImportance 4/5
  Understand what PM Gati Shakti is and which schemes and economic zones it brings together. How does its digital portal work with geospatial layers, satellite imagery and tracking of projects and clearances? Understand with an example how it helps ministries coordinate.
• Institutional Set-Up and Recent Extensions of PM Gati ShaktiImportance 2/5
  What are the three tiers of the Gati Shakti framework, and which body is headed by the Cabinet Secretary? Know its recent extensions: District Master Plans, PM GatiShakti Offshore and PM GatiShakti Public.
• Vision and Targets of the National Logistics PolicyImportance 4/5
  When was the National Logistics Policy announced, and what is its vision? Know its targets for logistics cost and for the Logistics Performance Index ranking by 2030, and its aim of data-driven decision making.
• Comprehensive Logistics Action PlanImportance 2/5
  Through which plan is the National Logistics Policy put into practice? Know its eight action areas.
• Digital Logistics Platforms and LEADSImportance 3/5
  What is each of these used for: the Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP), the Logistics Data Bank (LDB), Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) and Strengthening Multimodal and Integrated Logistics Ecosystem (SMILE)? Understand why digital coordination is an aim of the policy.
• Meaning and Benefits of Industrial CorridorsImportance 3/5
  Understand what an industrial corridor is and what infrastructure it brings together along a transport spine. How does it help industry? Think about transport cost, delivery time and inventory cost.
• National Industrial Corridor Programme and Major CorridorsImportance 4/5
  Which industrial corridors are being developed, and which countries or lenders assist them? Know the National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (NICDC) that coordinates them, and the links to Coastal Economic Zones and Make in India. Also know the East Coast Industrial Corridor with a Durgapur node in the Union Budget 2026-27.

1. 1.

   Consider the following statements:
   Statement-I: A road project in which a government entity builds the road itself and only buys construction material from a private company is not treated as a Public Private Partnership.
   Statement-II: A project is treated as implemented through the PPP route only where the private sector is involved at least in the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure project during its life.
   Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

   1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
   2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
   3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
   4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
2. 2.

   Match List I with List II. (Assume that no Viability Gap Funding is needed.)

   List I (Model)	List II (Basis on which the winning bid is chosen)
   A. EPC road contract	1. Minimum annual payment asked from the government for the whole term
   B. BOT-Toll	2. Lowest cost quoted for building the road
   C. BOT-Annuity	3. Maximum share of toll revenue offered to the government
   D. Toll-Operate-Transfer (TOT)	4. Maximum upfront amount payable to NHAI

   Select the correct answer using the code given below:

   1. AA-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
   2. BA-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
   3. CA-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
   4. DA-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
3. 3.

   Consider the following statements regarding the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) in the road sector:
   1. 40% of the bid project cost is payable by the government during the construction period, linked to physical progress.
   2. The private partner bears the entire financing risk, as under the annuity model.
   3. The remaining 60% is paid to the private partner as half-yearly annuities, along with interest and O&M payments, over the operation period.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A2 and 3 only
   2. B1 and 2 only
   3. C1, 2 and 3
   4. D1 and 3 only
4. 4.

   Private entities prefer the Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) model to the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model mainly because

   1. Ait owns the asset during the contract period, so the asset can serve as collateral for bank finance
   2. Bit is relieved of the duty to transfer the asset to the government at the end of the contract
   3. Cthe government repays the full construction cost in equal annual instalments during the contract
   4. Dthe government, not the private entity, operates and maintains the asset during the contract
5. 5.

   Consider the following statements:
   Statement-I: In Indian PPP contracts, passing the traffic risk of highways to private parties follows the principle of giving a risk to the entity best able to manage it.
   Statement-II: Traffic risk in highways is largely unaffected by the actions of the private party.
   Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

   1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
   2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
   3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
   4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
6. 6.

   Consider the following pairs:

   Project	Model
   1. Delhi-Noida Direct (DND) Flyway	Build Own Operate Transfer
   2. Sewage treatment under Namami Gange	Hybrid Annuity Model
   3. Already built EPC highways of NHAI given to private firms for tolling	Build Operate Transfer-Annuity

   Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

   1. A1 and 2 only
   2. B2 and 3 only
   3. C1 and 3 only
   4. D1, 2 and 3
7. 7.

   With reference to Bharatmala Pariyojana, which one of the following statements is correct?

   1. AIt is implemented only by the National Highways Authority of India, with no role for State PWDs or NHIDCL
   2. BIts nodal Ministry is the Ministry of Rural Development
   3. CIts brownfield projects build only new highways on land that has never carried a road
   4. DIt is an umbrella programme for the highway sector that includes coastal and port connectivity roads and green-field expressways
8. 8.

   As of February 2026, consider the following statements about Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs):
   1. The Western DFC was funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
   2. The Ludhiana–Mughalsarai section of the Eastern DFC was funded by World Bank debt.
   3. The Ministry of Railways receives an access charge from DFCCIL for running trains on the DFC tracks.
   4. The Union Budget 2026-27 proposed new Dedicated Freight Corridors connecting Dankuni in the East to Surat in the West.
   How many of the above statements are correct?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. COnly three
   4. DAll four
9. 9.

   Consider the following statements regarding the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021:
   1. It repealed the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963.
   2. It provides for a Board of Major Port Authority for each major port.
   3. The administration, control and management of major ports remain vested in the Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways and not in the Boards.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 and 2 only
   2. B2 and 3 only
   3. C1 and 3 only
   4. D1, 2 and 3
10. 10.

    As of April 2026, consider the following statements about the Sagarmala Programme:
    1. Its projects are divided into five pillars and 24 categories.
    2. The Port Connectivity Enhancement pillar focuses on upgrading existing ports and developing new ports to expand capacity.
    3. The Port-Led Industrialization pillar promotes industrial clusters in port-proximate areas.
    4. The Programme was launched in March 2016.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. COnly three
    4. DAll four
11. 11.

    Consider the following pairs:

    National Waterway	Stretch
    1. National Waterway-1	Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system from Haldia to Allahabad (Prayagraj)
    2. National Waterway-2	Brahmaputra river from Sadiya to Dhubri
    3. National Waterway-3	Kakinada to Pondicherry along the East Coast

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    1. A2 and 3 only
    2. B1 and 3 only
    3. C1 and 2 only
    4. D1, 2 and 3
12. 12.

    Consider the following statements about the regulation of airport tariffs in India:
    1. The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA) was established as a statutory body in 2009 under the Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008.
    2. AERA regulates tariffs at all airports in India, major and non-major alike.
    3. Tariffs at airports that are not regulated by AERA are determined by the Airports Authority of India.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 and 2 only
    2. B2 and 3 only
    3. C1 and 3 only
    4. D1, 2 and 3
13. 13.

    Consider the following statements about the Regional Connectivity Scheme (UDAN):
    1. It was launched in October 2016.
    2. The output multiplier of the aviation sector is 6.10 and its employment multiplier is 3.25.
    3. It seeks to put on the aviation map smaller cities and towns that were uneconomical for commercial airlines to fly.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A2 and 3 only
    2. B1, 2 and 3
    3. C1 and 2 only
    4. D1 and 3 only
14. 14.

    Consider the following statements about the financial problems of State power distribution companies (DISCOMs):
    1. Most DISCOMs are State PSUs, in which the State Government interferes in running them.
    2. Industrial consumers are charged higher tariffs to compensate for the loss incurred in providing subsidised power to households and farmers.
    3. DISCOMs can freely raise electricity tariffs to fund the upgrade of distribution infrastructure.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. CAll three
    4. DNone
15. 15.

    Consider the following statements about the Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY):
    1. It was launched by the Ministry of Power in November 2015 to improve the financial health and operational efficiency of DISCOMs.
    2. The participating States were required to take over 75% of the outstanding debt of their DISCOMs over two years.
    3. The Central Government took over 75% of the outstanding DISCOM debt under the scheme.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A2 and 3 only
    2. B1 and 2 only
    3. C1 and 3 only
    4. D1, 2 and 3
16. 16.

    As of December 2025, consider the following statements about the SHANTI Act, 2025 (Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India Act):
    1. Its provisions come into force on the dates notified by the Central Government.
    2. A company incorporated outside India can be licensed under it as an 'any other company'.
    3. Production of heavy water may be freely undertaken by any licensed private company.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. CAll three
    4. DNone
17. 17.

    As of April 2026, consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: As of 30 June 2025, non-fossil sources made up about half of India's installed power capacity (243 GW of 485 GW), about five years ahead of the 2030 target.
    Statement-II: India's Nationally Determined Contribution for 2031-2035 sets a target of about 60% cumulative installed power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2035.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
    2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
    3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
    4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
18. 18.

    Consider the following statements about Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs):
    1. One REC certifies that its holder owns one megawatt-hour of electricity generated from a renewable energy source.
    2. Renewable Purchase Obligations are imposed only on power distribution companies.
    3. A renewable power generator that has fed energy into the grid receives RECs, which can be sold on the open market.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 and 3 only
    2. B1 and 2 only
    3. C2 and 3 only
    4. D1, 2 and 3
19. 19.

    Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: Under the New Exploration and Licensing Policy (NELP), the contractor committing the maximum profit share to the Government was selected for a block.
    Statement-II: Under the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP), the operator has to share revenue with the Government from the first year of production, whether it makes a profit or a loss.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    1. ABoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
    2. BBoth Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
    3. CStatement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
    4. DStatement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
20. 20.

    Consider the following statements about the Smart Cities Mission:
    1. It was launched in June 2015.
    2. Its area-based development approach has three models: retrofitting, redevelopment and greenfield development.
    3. A Smart City SPV is a company in which the Central Government and the State Government are the promoters with 50:50 equity.
    4. It was operated as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. COnly three
    4. DAll four
21. 21.

    Consider the following statements about AMRUT:
    1. It adopts a project-based approach to ensure basic infrastructure services in 500 cities and towns.
    2. The Centre alone plans and implements its projects, with no role for the States in planning.
    3. AMRUT 2.0 was launched in October 2021 for five years.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 and 2 only
    2. B1 and 3 only
    3. C2 and 3 only
    4. D1, 2 and 3
22. 22.

    Consider the following statements about the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016:
    1. Registration with the regulator is mandatory where the land to be developed exceeds 500 sq. metres or there are more than 8 apartments.
    2. Promoters must keep 50% of project receivables in a separate account.
    3. Plans, structural designs and specifications cannot be altered without the prior consent of two-thirds of the allottees.
    4. The Act provides for a maximum imprisonment of three years for the promoter for certain defaults.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    1. AOnly one
    2. BOnly two
    3. COnly three
    4. DAll four
23. 23.

    As of June 2026, which one of the following correctly describes the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)?

    1. AA trust registered with SEBI as a Category III Alternative Investment Fund, in which the Government of India holds 49%
    2. BA trust registered with SEBI as a Category II Alternative Investment Fund, in which the Government of India holds 74%
    3. CA body corporate set up under an Act of Parliament and wholly owned by the Government of India
    4. DA trust registered with SEBI as a Category II Alternative Investment Fund, in which the Government of India holds 49%
24. 24.

    As of November 2025, the DPIIT-NCAER 'Assessment of Logistics Cost in India' puts India's logistics cost for 2023-24 at about what share of GDP?

    1. AAbout 14% of GDP
    2. BAbout 9.09% of GDP
    3. CAbout 11% of GDP
    4. DAbout 7.97% of GDP
25. 25.

    Match List I with List II:

    List I (Value Capture Finance tool)	List II (How it works)
    A. Premium on additional Floor Area Ratio	1. Development potential of a protected parcel is shifted to an area marked for higher density
    B. Land pooling	2. A one-time charge when a farm plot is permitted for residential or commercial use
    C. Transfer of Development Rights	3. A charge for permitting construction beyond the normal building limit of a plot
    D. Fees for change of land use	4. Landholders surrender plots and get back a smaller, serviced plot after public works are built

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    1. AA-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
    2. BA-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
    3. CA-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
    4. DA-3, B-1, C-4, D-2

1. 1.

   UPSC 2026

   Consider the following statements with reference to the Sagarmala Programme of the Government of India :
   I. The Sagarmala Programme seeks to achieve port-led economic growth through cost-effective and sustainable coastal infrastructure.
   II. The success of the Sagarmala Programme is reflected in significant growth in coastal and inland waterway shipping, along with improved global port rankings.
   III. Sagarmala 2.0 aims to position India as a global maritime innovation hub aligned with Atmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat 2047 visions.
   Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct ?
   1. Statement II validates the effectiveness of the strategies envisioned in statement I.
   2. Statement III extends the objectives of statement I by embedding them into a future-oriented innovation framework.
   3. Statement I contradicts statement III by focusing only on traditional infrastructure instead of modern innovation.
   Select the answer using the code given below :

   1. A1 only
   2. B1 and 2
   3. C2 and 3
   4. D3 only
2. 2.

   UPSC 2026

   In what way(s) does the Vizhinjam International Seaport represent a structural shift in India's maritime trade and logistics policy ?
   1. By functioning exclusively as a domestic cargo hub to reduce reliance on coastal shipping and eliminate the need for foreign collaborations.
   2. By focusing primarily on passenger cruise tourism and heritage shipping to increase Kerala's profile as a maritime heritage destination.
   3. By leveraging its natural deep draft and strategic location to reduce dependence on foreign trans-shipment ports, enhance revenue retention, and reposition India in regional maritime trade.
   Select the answer using the code given below :

   1. A1 only
   2. B1 and 2
   3. C2 and 3
   4. D3 only
3. 3.

   UPSC 2025

   Consider the following activities :
   I. Production of crude oil
   II. Refining, storage and distribution of petroleum
   III. Marketing and sale of petroleum products
   IV. Production of natural gas
   How many of the above activities are regulated by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board in our country?

   1. AOnly one
   2. BOnly two
   3. COnly three
   4. DAll the four
4. 4.

   UPSC 2019

   Consider the following statements :
   1. Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) is the first regulatory body set up by the Government of India.
   2. One of the tasks of PNGRB is to ensure competitive markets for gas.
   3. Appeals against the decisions of PNGRB go before the Appellate Tribunals for Electricity.
   Which of the statements given above are correct?

   1. A1 and 2 only
   2. B2 and 3 only
   3. C1 and 3 only
   4. D1, 2 and 3
5. 5.

   UPSC 2017

   The term 'Domestic Content Requirement' is sometimes seen in the news with reference to

   1. ADeveloping solar power production in our country
   2. BGranting licences to foreign T.V. channels in our country
   3. CExporting our food products to other countries
   4. DPermitting foreign educational institutions to set up their campuses in our country
6. 6.

   UPSC 2017

   With reference to 'Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development (APMCHUD)', consider the following statements :
   1. The first APMCHUD was held in India in 2006 on the theme 'Emerging Urban Forms — Policy Responses and Governance Structure'.
   2. India hosts all the Annual Ministerial Conferences in partnership with ADB, APEC and ASEAN.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
7. 7.

   UPSC 2017

   With reference to 'National Investment and Infrastructure Fund', which of the following statements is/are correct ?
   1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
   2. It has a corpus of ₹ 4,00,000 crore at present.
   Select the correct answer using the code given below :

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
8. 8.

   UPSC 2016

   Which one of the following is a purpose of 'UDAY', a scheme of the Government?

   1. AProviding technical and financial assistance to start-up entrepreneurs in the field of renewable sources of energy
   2. BProviding electricity to every household in the country by 2018
   3. CReplacing the coal-based power plants with natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind and tidal power plants over a period of time
   4. DProviding for financial turnaround and revival of power distribution companies
9. 9.

   UPSC 2014

   With reference to two non-conventional energy sources called ‘coalbed methane’ and ‘shale gas’, consider the following statements :
   1. Coalbed methane is the pure methane gas extracted from coal seams, while shale gas is a mixture of propane and butane only that can be extracted from fine-grained sedimentary rocks.
   2. In India, abundant coalbed methane sources exist, but so far no shale gas sources have been found.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. A1 only
   2. B2 only
   3. CBoth 1 and 2
   4. DNeither 1 nor 2
10. 10.

    UPSC 2011

    In the context of global oil prices, "Brent crude oil" is frequently referred to in the news. What does this term imply?
    1. It is a major classification of crude oil.
    2. It is sourced from North Sea.
    3. It does not contain sulphur.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A2 only
    2. B1 and 2 only
    3. C1 and 3 only
    4. D1, 2 and 3
11. 11.

    UPSC 2009

    In which one of the following States has India's largest private sector sea port been commissioned recently?

    1. AAndhra Pradesh
    2. BKarnataka
    3. CKerala
    4. DTamil Nadu
12. 12.

    UPSC 2009

    Among other things, which one of the following was the purpose for which the Deepak Parekh Committee was constituted?

    1. ATo study the current socio-economic conditions of certain minority communities
    2. BTo suggest measures for financing the development of infrastructure
    3. CTo frame a policy on the production of genetically modified organisms
    4. DTo suggest measures to reduce the fiscal deficit in the Union Budget
13. 13.

    UPSC 2009

    With which one of the following has the
    B. K. Chaturvedi Committee dealt?

    1. AReview of Centre-State relations
    2. BReview of Delimitation Act
    3. CTax reforms and measures to increase revenues
    4. DPrice reforms in the oil sector
14. 14.

    UPSC 2008

    In August 2006, the Government of India notified the Rural Electrification Policy. This policy aims at provision of access to all households by which year?

    1. A2008
    2. B2009
    3. C2010
    4. D2012
15. 15.

    UPSC 2008

    Which of the following pairs in respect of current power generation in India is/are correctly matched? (Rounded Figure)
    1. Installed electricity generation capacity : 100000 MW
    2. Electricity generation : 660 billion kWh
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
16. 16.

    UPSC 2008

    How much is one barrel of oil approximately equal to?

    1. A131 litres
    2. B159 litres
    3. C257 litres
    4. D321 litres
17. 17.

    UPSC 2006

    Consider the following statements:
    1. Appellate Tribunal for Electricity has been established by each State Government in India.
    2. One of the components of the Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (APDRP) is upgradation of sub-transmission and distribution system for electricity in India.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
18. 18.

    UPSC 2006

    Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? Railway Zone — Headquarters

    1. ANorth Eastern Railway — Gorakhpur
    2. BSouth Eastern Railway — Bhubaneswar
    3. CEastern Railway — Kolkata
    4. DSouth East Central Railway — Bilaspur
19. 19.

    UPSC 2005

    Which one of the following airports in India is the first to be owned by a public limited company?

    1. ADabolim Airport, Goa
    2. BCochin airport
    3. CHyderabad airport
    4. DBangalore airport
20. 20.

    UPSC 2005

    Consider the following statements :
    1. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is liquefied under extremely cold temperatures and high pressure to facilitate storage or transportation in specially designed vessels.
    2. First LNG terminal in India was built in Hassan.
    3. Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) are separated from LPG and these include ethane, propane, butane and natural gasoline.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B1 and 3
    3. C2 and 3
    4. D1, 2 and 3
21. 21.

    UPSC 2004

    Consider the following statements:
    1. The Oil Pool Account of Government of India was dismantled with effect from 1-4-2002.
    2. Subsidies on PDS kerosene and domestic LPG are borne by Consolidated Fund of India.
    3. An expert committee headed by Dr. R.A. Mashelkar to formulate a national auto fuel policy recommended that Bharat Stage-II Emission Norms should be applied throughout the country by 1 April, 2004.
    Which of these statements given above are correct?

    1. A1 and 2
    2. B2 and 3
    3. C1 and 3
    4. D1, 2 and 3
22. 22.

    UPSC 2004

    Consider the following statements:
    1. National Thermal Power Corporation has diversified into hydropower sector.
    2. Power Grid Corporation of India has diversified into telecom sector.
    Which of these statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 only
    3. CBoth 1 and 2
    4. DNeither 1 nor 2
23. 23.

    UPSC 2003

    Which one of the following statements is correct?

    1. AAlliance Air is a wholly owned subsidiary of Indian Airlines
    2. BThe Airports Authority of India manages seven of the country's international airports
    3. CThe Airports Authority of India is the regulatory organisation for enforcing civil air regulations in India
    4. DIt is the function of Directorate General of Civil Aviation to plan and construct runways and terminal buildings and to provide air safety services
24. 24.

    UPSC 2002

    Consider the following statements: The Draft Electricity Bill, 2001 seeks to replace
    1. Indian Electricity Act, 1910
    2. Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948
    3. Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998
    4. State Electricity Boards
    Which of these statements are correct?

    1. A1, 2 and 3
    2. B2, 3 and 4
    3. C1, 2 and 4
    4. D1, 3 and 4
25. 25.

    UPSC 2002

    Consider the following statements:
    1. NTPC is the largest power utility in India.
    2. ONGC accounts for half of the LPG production in India.
    3. Indian Oil Corporation operates all the oil refineries in India.
    4. The Indian Ordinance Factory is the largest departmentally run industrial undertaking in the country.
    Which of these statements is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B2 and 3
    3. C2, 3 and 4
    4. D1 and 4
26. 26.

    UPSC 1999

    Tourism industry in India is quite small compared to many other countries in terms of India’s potential and size.
    Which one of the following statements is correct in this regard?

    1. ADistances in India are too far apart and its luxury hotels are too expensive for western tourists
    2. BFor most of the months India is too hot for western tourists to feel comfortable
    3. CMost of the picturesque resorts in India such as in the Northeast and Kashmir are, for all practical purposes, out of bounds
    4. DIn India, the infrastructure required for attracting tourists is inadequate
27. 27.

    UPSC 1999

    Trans chart is the

    1. Achartering wing of the Ministry of Surface Transport
    2. Bcontainer service established by Indian Railways
    3. Ctraining institute of maritime studies and research
    4. Dpassenger insurance scheme of Indian Railways
28. 28.

    UPSC 2002

    With reference to power sector in India consider the following statements:
    1. Rural electrification has been treated as a Basic Minimum Service under the Prime Minister’s Gramodaya Yojana.
    2. 100 per cent Foreign Direct Investment in power is allowed without upper limit
    3. The Union Ministry of Power has signed a Memoranda of Understanding with 14 states.
    Which of these statements is/are correct?

    1. A1 only
    2. B1 and 2
    3. C2 and 3
    4. D3 only
29. 29.

    UPSC 2023

    Consider the following statements :
    Statement–I : India, despite having uranium deposits, depends on coal for most of its electricity production.
    Statement–II : Uranium, enriched to the extent of at least 60%, is required for the production of electricity.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    1. ABoth Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II is the correct explanation for Statement–I
    2. BBoth Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II is not the correct explanation for Statement–I
    3. CStatement–I is correct but Statement–II is incorrect
    4. DStatement–I is incorrect but Statement–II is correct
30. 30.

    UPSC 2009

    In India, the ports are categorized as major and non-major ports.
    Which one of the following is a non-major port?

    1. AKochi (Cochin)
    2. BDahej
    3. CParadip
    4. DNew Mangalore