Historical Background (Indian Polity) · Prelims Plan

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The Company Rule (1773–1858)

The Crown Rule (1858–1947)

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Demand for a Constituent Assembly

Composition of the Constituent Assembly

Working of the Constituent Assembly

Committees of the Constituent Assembly

Enactment of the Constitution

Enforcement of the Constitution

Experts Committee of the Congress

Criticism of the Constituent Assembly

Important Facts

Hindi Text of the Constitution

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Meaning

Functions

Qualities

Classification

Constitutionalism and Constitutional Government

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Salient Features of the Constitution

Criticism of the Constitution

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Text of the Preamble

Ingredients of the Preamble

Key Words in the Preamble

Significance of the Preamble

Preamble as Part of the Constitution

Amendability of the Preamble

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Union of States

Parliament's Power to Reorganise the States

Exchange of Territories with Bangladesh

Evolution of States and Union Territories

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Meaning and Significance

Single Citizenship

Constitutional Provisions

Citizenship Act, 1955

Overseas Citizenship of India

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Features of Fundamental Rights

Definition of State

Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights

Right to Equality

Right to Freedom

Right Against Exploitation

Right to Freedom of Religion

Cultural and Educational Rights

Right to Constitutional Remedies

Writs—Types and Scope

Armed Forces and Fundamental Rights

Martial Law and Fundamental Rights

Effecting Certain Fundamental Rights

Present Position of Right to Property

Exceptions to Fundamental Rights

Criticism of Fundamental Rights

Significance of Fundamental Rights

Rights Outside Part III

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Features of the Directive Principles

Classification of the Directive Principles

New Directive Principles

Sanction Behind Directive Principles

Criticism of the Directive Principles

Utility of Directive Principles

Conflict Between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles

Implementation of Directive Principles

Directives Outside Part IV

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Introduction

Swaran Singh Committee Recommendations

List of Fundamental Duties

Features of the Fundamental Duties

Criticism of Fundamental Duties

Significance of Fundamental Duties

Verma Committee Observations

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Procedure for Amendment

Types of Amendments

Criticism of the Amendment Procedure

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Emergence of the Basic Structure

Elements of the Basic Structure

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Introduction

Features of Parliamentary Government

Features of Presidential Government

Merits of the Parliamentary System

Demerits of the Parliamentary System

Reasons for Adopting Parliamentary System

Distinction Between Indian and British Models

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Introduction

Federal Features of the Constitution

Unitary Features of the Constitution

Critical Evaluation of the Federal System

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Legislative Relations

Administrative Relations

Financial Relations

Trends in Centre–State Relations

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Inter-State Water Disputes

Inter-State Councils

Public Acts, Records and Judicial Proceedings

Inter-State Trade and Commerce

Zonal Councils

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Introduction

National Emergency

President's Rule

Financial Emergency

Criticism of the Emergency Provisions

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Election of the President

Qualifications, Oath and Conditions

Term, Impeachment and Vacancy

Powers and Functions of the President

Veto Power of the President

Ordinance-Making Power of the President

Pardoning Power of the President

Constitutional Position of the President

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Election

Qualifications, Oath and Conditions

Term and Vacancy

Powers and Functions

Indian and American Vice-Presidents Compared

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Appointment of the Prime Minister

Oath, Term and Salary

Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister

Role Descriptions

Relationship with the President

Chief Ministers Who Became Prime Ministers

Caretaker Government

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Constitutional Provisions

Nature of Advice by Ministers

Appointment of Ministers

Oath and Salary of Ministers

Responsibility of Ministers

Composition of the Council of Ministers

Council of Ministers vs Cabinet

Role of Cabinet

Role Descriptions

Kitchen Cabinet

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Features of Cabinet Committees

List of Cabinet Committees

Functions of Cabinet Committees

Groups of Ministers

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Organisation of Parliament

Composition of the Two Houses

System of Elections to Lok Sabha

Duration of Two Houses

Membership of Parliament

Presiding Officers of Parliament

Leaders in Parliament

Sessions of Parliament

Types of Majority

Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings

Legislative Procedure in Parliament

Joint Sitting of Two Houses

Budget in Parliament

Multifunctional Role of Parliament

Ineffectiveness of Parliamentary Control

Position of Rajya Sabha

Parliamentary Privileges

Sovereignty of Parliament

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Meaning

Classification

Financial Committees

Department-Related Standing Committees

Committees to Inquire

Committees to Scrutinise and Control

Committees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of the House

House-Keeping Committees

Consultative Committees

Study

Rationale of the IPG

Composition of the IPG

Objectives of the IPG

Functions of the IPG

Parliamentary Friendship Groups

The IPG and IPU

The IPG and CPA

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Introduction

Composition and Appointment

Qualifications, Oath and Salaries

Tenure and Removal

Acting, Adhoc and Retired Judges

Seat and Procedure

Independence of Supreme Court

Jurisdiction and Powers of Supreme Court

Indian and American Supreme Courts Compared

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Meaning of Judicial Review

Importance of Judicial Review

Constitutional Provisions for Judicial Review

Scope of Judicial Review

Judicial Review of the Ninth Schedule

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Meaning of Judicial Activism

Aspects of Judicial Activism

Judicial Review and Judicial Activism

Justification of Judicial Activism

Activators of Judicial Activism

Apprehensions of Judicial Activism

Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint

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Meaning of PIL

Features of PIL

Scope of PIL

Principles of PIL

Guidelines for Admitting PIL

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Introduction

Appointment of Governor

Qualifications, Oath and Conditions

Term of Governor's Office

Powers and Functions of Governor

Constitutional Position of Governor

Issues in the Governor's Functioning

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Appointment of Chief Minister

Oath, Term and Salary

Powers and Functions of Chief Minister

Relationship with the Governor

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Constitutional Provisions

Nature of Advice by Ministers

Appointment of Ministers

Oath and Salary of Ministers

Responsibility of Ministers

Composition of the Council of Ministers

Cabinet

Cabinet Committees

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Organisation of State Legislature

Composition of Two Houses

Duration of Two Houses

Membership of State Legislature

Presiding Officers of State Legislature

Sessions of State Legislature

Legislative Procedure in State Legislature

Bills Reserved for President's Consideration

Legislative Procedure Compared

Position of Legislative Council

Privileges of State Legislature

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Introduction

Composition and Appointment

Qualifications, Oath and Salaries

Tenure, Removal and Transfer

Acting, Additional and Retired Judges

Independence of High Court

Jurisdiction and Powers of High Court

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Constitutional Provisions

Structure and Jurisdiction

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Administrative Tribunals

Tribunals for Other Matters

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Introduction

National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

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National Legal Services Authority

Lok Adalats

Permanent Lok Adalats

Family Courts

Gram Nyayalayas

Commercial Courts

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Local Government in India

Evolution of Panchayati Raj

73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992

Compulsory and Voluntary Provisions

PESA Act of 1996 (Extension Act)

Finances of Panchayati Raj

Reasons for Ineffective Performance

Evolution of Urban Bodies

74th Amendment Act of 1992

Types of Urban Governments

Municipal Personnel

Municipal Revenue

Central Council of Local Government

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Introduction to Union Territories

Creation of Union Territories

Administration of Union Territories

Special Provisions for Delhi

Advisory Committees of Union Territories

Introduction to Scheduled and Tribal Areas

Administration of Scheduled Areas

Administration of Tribal Areas

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Election Commission

Union Public Service Commission

State Public Service Commission

Finance Commission

Goods and Services Tax Council

National Commission for SCs

National Commission for STs

National Commission for BCs

Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities

Comptroller and Auditor General of India

Attorney General of India

Advocate General of the State

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NITI Aayog

National Human Rights Commission

State Human Rights Commission

National Commission for Women

National Commission for Protection of Child Rights

National Commission for Minorities

Central Information Commission

State Information Commission

Central Vigilance Commission

Central Bureau of Investigation

Lokpal and Lokayuktas

National Investigation Agency

National Disaster Management Authority

Bar Council of India

Law Commission of India

Delimitation Commission of India

North Eastern Council

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Co-operative Societies

Official Language

Public Services

Rights and Liabilities of the Government

Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes

Special Provisions for Some States

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Political Parties

Role of Regional Parties

Elections

Election Laws

Electoral Reforms

Voting Behaviour

Coalition Government

Anti-Defection Law

Pressure Groups

National Integration

Foreign Policy

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National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution

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Landmark Judgements and Their Impact

Judgements Expanding the Scope of Article 21

Judgements Relating to the Amendments

Important Doctrines of Constitutional Interpretation

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World Constitutions

INDIAN POLITY

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Community Resources