47 Topics.
0 of 8 Concepts Done
What to Study: What are the two parts of the state judiciary? Understand why the lower courts are called "subordinate", and at what levels they work.
What to Study: Remember in which Part of the Constitution these Articles sit. Understand what these provisions aim to protect. Also remember the subject of each Article, including Article 233A.
Asked in UPSC PrelimsUPSC 2004
What to Study: Who appoints, posts and promotes district judges, and whom must that authority consult? Remember the seven-year practice condition and the kind of person it applies to. Can a serving judicial officer now be appointed directly as a district judge? Understand how the Supreme Court settled this in 2025 (Rejanish K.V., overruling Dheeraj Mor).
What to Study: Which Constitutional Amendment Act added Article 233A, and in which year? Understand what it validated and why the validation is called retrospective.
What to Study: Who appoints persons to the judicial service below the district judge, under what rules, and which bodies are consulted? Understand how this differs from the consultation for district judges under Article 233. Also know how recruitment works in practice (it varies by state).
What to Study: Know what the high court controls in the subordinate courts, including posting, promotion and leave. Be clear about which posts this covers and which it does not. Understand how this control supports the independence of the judiciary.
Asked in UPSC PrelimsUPSC 1996
What to Study: Be clear about which posts this Article includes in "district judge", such as the sessions judge, the chief presidency magistrate and the city civil court judge. Understand what "judicial service" means and what kind of posts it covers.
What to Study: Who can apply the judicial service provisions to magistrates, to which magistrates, and how (by public notification)? Understand how this power links to the separation of the judiciary from the executive (Article 50).