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What to Study: After Gandhi's arrest in March 1922, Congressmen disagreed on what to do in the passive phase. Remember who led each camp and the name each camp came to be known by. Understand what 'end or mend' meant, and how the two camps' programmes differed.
Asked in UPSC PrelimsUPSC 1996
What to Study: What happened to the proposal to enter the councils at the Gaya session (December 1922)? Remember what C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru did next, the full name of the new party, and who held which post in it.
What to Study: What three reasons did the Swarajists give for entering the councils? Be clear how they saw council entry in relation to non-cooperation. How would council work help in a time of political vacuum, and what would nationalist entry stop the government from doing? What did they intend the councils to be used for (and not used for)?
What to Study: Remember the three dangers the No-Changers saw in parliamentary work. Understand why they opposed council entry, and what they wanted done instead during this phase.
What to Study: Understand why the two camps settled their quarrel in 1923: the fear that moved both sides and the part played by Gandhi's leadership. Remember where and when the compromise was made, what it allowed the Swarajists to do, the one point on which they still differed from Congress, and when the elections were held.
What to Study: What did the manifesto say about British rule and the so-called reforms? Remember when it was released, and what policy the Swarajists promised to follow in the councils if their demand for self-government was rejected.
What to Study: Why did Gandhi, who first opposed council entry, move towards the Swarajists after his release in February 1924? Understand his three reasons, including the 1923 election results and the government crackdown late in 1924. What agreement did the two sides reach in 1924, and what was Gandhi's role at the Belgaum session (December 1924) that endorsed it?
What to Study: Why did the Swarajists weaken? Understand the effect of communal riots, the tenancy issue in Bengal and the death of C.R. Das in 1925. Who were the Responsivists, and what did they want? Also remember the withdrawal from the legislatures in 1926, the party's results in the 1926 elections, and the final walkout in 1930 and its cause.
What to Study: Remember the main achievements inside the councils. Which post did Vithalbhai Patel win in 1925? What was the Public Safety Bill meant to do, and what happened to it in the Assembly? Understand how the Swarajists filled the political vacuum and what they showed about the Montford scheme.
What to Study: Be able to explain the five weaknesses of the Swarajist strategy. Think about its link with the mass struggle outside, the limits of obstruction, the Swarajists' coalition partners, the perks and privileges of office, and their stand on the Bengal peasants.
What to Study: What forms of constructive work did the No-Changers take up? Remember the work of the ashrams (and where they were most active), the national schools and colleges, and the campaigns on Hindu-Muslim unity, untouchability and boycott. What role did these workers play later in civil disobedience?
What to Study: Remember the limits of constructive work: the problems with national education, with khadi, and with the campaign against untouchability. Understand how the Swarajists and No-Changers got on with each other even though they worked separately.