Ecology and Ecosystem Basics (Environment & Ecology) · Prelims Plan

Study Post-Study

Environment, Habitat and Ecosystem

Components of an Ecosystem

Levels of Organisation in Ecology

Principles of Ecology

Study Post-Study

Homeostasis in Ecosystem

Ecological Succession

Trophic Levels and Food Chain

Food Web

Ecological Pyramids

Pollutants and Trophic Levels

Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Types

Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Methane Cycle

Phosphorus Cycle

Sulphur Cycle

Study Post-Study

Terrestrial Ecosystems or Biomes

Aquatic Ecosystems

Natural Ecosystem Services and Goods

Wetlands: Meaning and Types

Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem

Mangroves

Importance of Wetlands

Threats to Wetlands and Their Mitigation

Measures to Protect Wetlands of India

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

Coastal Regulation Zone Rules

Coastal Zone Management and Blue Flag Beaches

Study Post-Study

Terms Related to Biodiversity

Biodiversity Hotspots

Biodiversity of India

Loss of Biodiversity

Causes Behind Biodiversity Loss

Consequences of Loss of Biodiversity

Ex Situ Conservation

National Initiatives for Biodiversity Conservation

Convention on Biological Diversity

Other International Efforts

Biological Diversity Act, 2002

Study Post-Study

In Situ Conservation

Protected Areas Under the Wild Life (Protection) Act

Biosphere Reserves

Eco-Sensitive Zones

Sacred Groves

Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972

Schedules of the Wild Life (Protection) Act

Bodies Constituted Under the WPA

Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022

Critical Wildlife Habitats

Study Post-Study

National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of India

Tiger Reserves of India

Elephant Reserves of India

Ramsar Sites of India

Biosphere Reserves of India

Natural World Heritage Sites in India

Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India

Tiger, Leopard, Lion and Elephant Populations by State

Study Post-Study

Regulating Trade in Wildlife

Convention on Migratory Species

International Union for Conservation of Nature

Tiger Conservation

International Efforts Towards Tiger Conservation

Species Conservation Programmes

National Wildlife Schemes, Plans and Bodies

Study Post-Study

Carnivorous Mammals

Elephants, Rhinoceroses and Hoofed Mammals

Primates and Other Mammals

Birds

Fish

Reptiles and Amphibians

Invertebrates

Plant Species in Focus

Study Post-Study

Plant Classification

Effect of Abiotic Components on Plants

Tree Characters

Insectivorous Plants

Medicinal and Threatened Plants

Invasive Alien Species

Invasive Alien Flora of India

Invasive Fauna of India

Study Post-Study

Forest Survey of India and Forest Assessment Terms

Findings of the Latest India State of Forest Report

National Forest Inventory and Carbon Stock

Forest Types of India

Global Forest Resources Assessment and International Forest Bodies

Indian Forest Act 1927

Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 and the 2023 Amendment

Forest Rights Act 2006

National Forest Policy 1988

Afforestation Programmes

Compensatory Afforestation

Green Credit Programme

Aerial Seeding for Reforestation

Study Post-Study

Constitutional and Judicial Foundations

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Recent Rules Under the EPA

Environmental Impact Assessment

National Green Tribunal

Protection Against Chemical Disasters

Environmental Movements in India

Rights of Nature and Environmental Justice

Study Post-Study

Pollution and Classification of Air Pollutants

Major Causes of Air Pollution

Particulate Matter

Gaseous Air Pollutants

Minor Air Pollutants

Noise Pollution

Impact of Air Pollution on Health and Environment

Smog

Acid Rain

Ocean Acidification

Aerosols and Monsoon Rainfall

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Regulation of Ozone-Depleting Substances

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Control of Industrial Air Pollution

Control of Vehicular Air Pollution

National Indices for Monitoring and Awareness

National Initiatives for Air Pollution Control

Global Initiatives for Air Pollution Control

Other Air Pollution Control Measures

Study Post-Study

Water Pollution and Its Measurement

Causes of Water Pollution

Effects of Water Pollution

Water Pollution Control Technologies

Water Act and Water Cess Act

Water Quality Standards and River Conservation

Measures to Curb Marine Pollution

Water Scarcity, Water Stress and Water Risk

India's Water Situation

National Water Conservation Measures

National Groundwater Conservation Measures

Recommended Conservation Measures

Droughts

Study Post-Study

Plastic Pollution

Solid Waste: Sources, Treatment and Disposal

Solid Waste Management Rules

Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016

Hazardous Waste and Persistent Organic Pollutants

International Conventions on Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes

Regulatory Measures by India

Heavy Metals

Electronic Waste

Highly Polluting Industries in India

Pollutants from Highly Polluting Industries

Rules for Hazardous Micro-Organisms and Genetically Engineered Organisms, 1989

Study Post-Study

Land Degradation and Its Major Causes

Soil Erosion

Desertification and Land Degradation in India

Soil Conservation

International Action Against Desertification

Green Revolution

Sustainable Agriculture

Nutrient Management

Pesticide Regulatory Regime in India

Organic Farming

Natural Farming

Modern Agricultural Practices

Genetically Modified Crops

Study Post-Study

Conventional and Unconventional Energy Sources

Installed Power Capacity, Targets and Energy Outlook

Cleaner (Alternative) Energy Sources

Solar Power

Wind Energy

Biofuels

Hydrogen Economy

Nuclear Energy

Radioactive Pollution

Challenges Faced by Renewable Energy

Measures to Boost Renewable Energy

Energy Conservation Measures

Study Post-Study

Global Warming, Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

Carbon Footprint

Climate Sensitivity

Emission Reports and Climate Indices

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Heat Waves and Urban Heat Islands

Marine Heat Waves and Tropical Cyclones

Shrinking Cryosphere and Arctic Amplification

Sea Level Change

Other Impacts of Global Warming

Coral Reefs and Coral Bleaching

Clean Coal Technology to Reduce CO₂ Emissions

Carbon Sink and Carbon Sequestration

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Geoengineering to Fight Climate Change

Transition Away from Coal

Transition to a Green Economy

Decarbonisation of the Transportation Sector

Climate Smart Cities

India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and Climate Commitments

Study Post-Study

UN Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm (1972)

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro (1992)

Sustainable Development and the SDGs

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Kyoto Protocol

UNFCCC Summits from Kyoto to Paris

Paris Agreement

Net Zero and the Emissions Gap

Climate Finance

COP26: Glasgow (2021)

COP27: Sharm El-Sheikh (2022)

COP28: Dubai (2023)

COP29: Baku (2024)

COP30: Belém (2025)

Other Climate Initiatives and Partnerships

Study Post-Study

Constitutional and Legislative Basis

Chronology of Environmental Laws

Bodies and Authorities Under Environmental Laws

Rules and Notifications and Their Parent Acts

Key Definitions Across Environmental Laws

Offences, Penalties and Enforcement

Appeals and the National Green Tribunal

Principles and Doctrines in Environmental Law

Commonly Confused Laws and Pairs

Laws and Policies Beyond the Core Environment Acts

Study Post-Study

Environment, Habitat and Ecosystem

Components of an Ecosystem

Levels of Organisation in Ecology

Principles of Ecology

Study Post-Study

Homeostasis in Ecosystem

Ecological Succession

Trophic Levels and Food Chain

Food Web

Ecological Pyramids

Pollutants and Trophic Levels

Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Types

Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Methane Cycle

Phosphorus Cycle

Sulphur Cycle

Study Post-Study

Terrestrial Ecosystems or Biomes

Aquatic Ecosystems

Natural Ecosystem Services and Goods

Wetlands: Meaning and Types

Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem

Mangroves

Importance of Wetlands

Threats to Wetlands and Their Mitigation

Measures to Protect Wetlands of India

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

Coastal Regulation Zone Rules

Coastal Zone Management and Blue Flag Beaches

Study Post-Study

Terms Related to Biodiversity

Biodiversity Hotspots

Biodiversity of India

Loss of Biodiversity

Causes Behind Biodiversity Loss

Consequences of Loss of Biodiversity

Ex Situ Conservation

National Initiatives for Biodiversity Conservation

Convention on Biological Diversity

Other International Efforts

Biological Diversity Act, 2002

Study Post-Study

In Situ Conservation

Protected Areas Under the Wild Life (Protection) Act

Biosphere Reserves

Eco-Sensitive Zones

Sacred Groves

Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972

Schedules of the Wild Life (Protection) Act

Bodies Constituted Under the WPA

Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022

Critical Wildlife Habitats

Study Post-Study

National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of India

Tiger Reserves of India

Elephant Reserves of India

Ramsar Sites of India

Biosphere Reserves of India

Natural World Heritage Sites in India

Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India

Tiger, Leopard, Lion and Elephant Populations by State

Study Post-Study

Regulating Trade in Wildlife

Convention on Migratory Species

International Union for Conservation of Nature

Tiger Conservation

International Efforts Towards Tiger Conservation

Species Conservation Programmes

National Wildlife Schemes, Plans and Bodies

Study Post-Study

Carnivorous Mammals

Elephants, Rhinoceroses and Hoofed Mammals

Primates and Other Mammals

Birds

Fish

Reptiles and Amphibians

Invertebrates

Plant Species in Focus

Study Post-Study

Plant Classification

Effect of Abiotic Components on Plants

Tree Characters

Insectivorous Plants

Medicinal and Threatened Plants

Invasive Alien Species

Invasive Alien Flora of India

Invasive Fauna of India

Study Post-Study

Forest Survey of India and Forest Assessment Terms

Findings of the Latest India State of Forest Report

National Forest Inventory and Carbon Stock

Forest Types of India

Global Forest Resources Assessment and International Forest Bodies

Indian Forest Act 1927

Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 and the 2023 Amendment

Forest Rights Act 2006

National Forest Policy 1988

Afforestation Programmes

Compensatory Afforestation

Green Credit Programme

Aerial Seeding for Reforestation

Study Post-Study

Constitutional and Judicial Foundations

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Recent Rules Under the EPA

Environmental Impact Assessment

National Green Tribunal

Protection Against Chemical Disasters

Environmental Movements in India

Rights of Nature and Environmental Justice

Study Post-Study

Pollution and Classification of Air Pollutants

Major Causes of Air Pollution

Particulate Matter

Gaseous Air Pollutants

Minor Air Pollutants

Noise Pollution

Impact of Air Pollution on Health and Environment

Smog

Acid Rain

Ocean Acidification

Aerosols and Monsoon Rainfall

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Regulation of Ozone-Depleting Substances

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Control of Industrial Air Pollution

Control of Vehicular Air Pollution

National Indices for Monitoring and Awareness

National Initiatives for Air Pollution Control

Global Initiatives for Air Pollution Control

Other Air Pollution Control Measures

Study Post-Study

Water Pollution and Its Measurement

Causes of Water Pollution

Effects of Water Pollution

Water Pollution Control Technologies

Water Act and Water Cess Act

Water Quality Standards and River Conservation

Measures to Curb Marine Pollution

Water Scarcity, Water Stress and Water Risk

India's Water Situation

National Water Conservation Measures

National Groundwater Conservation Measures

Recommended Conservation Measures

Droughts

Study Post-Study

Plastic Pollution

Solid Waste: Sources, Treatment and Disposal

Solid Waste Management Rules

Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016

Hazardous Waste and Persistent Organic Pollutants

International Conventions on Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes

Regulatory Measures by India

Heavy Metals

Electronic Waste

Highly Polluting Industries in India

Pollutants from Highly Polluting Industries

Rules for Hazardous Micro-Organisms and Genetically Engineered Organisms, 1989

Study Post-Study

Land Degradation and Its Major Causes

Soil Erosion

Desertification and Land Degradation in India

Soil Conservation

International Action Against Desertification

Green Revolution

Sustainable Agriculture

Nutrient Management

Pesticide Regulatory Regime in India

Organic Farming

Natural Farming

Modern Agricultural Practices

Genetically Modified Crops

Study Post-Study

Conventional and Unconventional Energy Sources

Installed Power Capacity, Targets and Energy Outlook

Cleaner (Alternative) Energy Sources

Solar Power

Wind Energy

Biofuels

Hydrogen Economy

Nuclear Energy

Radioactive Pollution

Challenges Faced by Renewable Energy

Measures to Boost Renewable Energy

Energy Conservation Measures

Study Post-Study

Global Warming, Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

Carbon Footprint

Climate Sensitivity

Emission Reports and Climate Indices

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Heat Waves and Urban Heat Islands

Marine Heat Waves and Tropical Cyclones

Shrinking Cryosphere and Arctic Amplification

Sea Level Change

Other Impacts of Global Warming

Coral Reefs and Coral Bleaching

Clean Coal Technology to Reduce CO₂ Emissions

Carbon Sink and Carbon Sequestration

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Geoengineering to Fight Climate Change

Transition Away from Coal

Transition to a Green Economy

Decarbonisation of the Transportation Sector

Climate Smart Cities

India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and Climate Commitments

Study Post-Study

UN Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm (1972)

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro (1992)

Sustainable Development and the SDGs

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Kyoto Protocol

UNFCCC Summits from Kyoto to Paris

Paris Agreement

Net Zero and the Emissions Gap

Climate Finance

COP26: Glasgow (2021)

COP27: Sharm El-Sheikh (2022)

COP28: Dubai (2023)

COP29: Baku (2024)

COP30: Belém (2025)

Other Climate Initiatives and Partnerships

Study Post-Study

Constitutional and Legislative Basis

Chronology of Environmental Laws

Bodies and Authorities Under Environmental Laws

Rules and Notifications and Their Parent Acts

Key Definitions Across Environmental Laws

Offences, Penalties and Enforcement

Appeals and the National Green Tribunal

Principles and Doctrines in Environmental Law

Commonly Confused Laws and Pairs

Laws and Policies Beyond the Core Environment Acts

ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY

ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM BASICS

ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY

ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM BASICS